Epidemiology Flashcards
Disease specific mortality rate formula
of death from disease/number of population at mid year.
what is kappa value and the specific important cutoff
Kappa value is used to determine observer agreement.
0 is no agreement. closer to 1 is good agreement.
What is the rate of elder abuse or neglect in the past year
10%
What is the pink sheet
a publication of biopharma regulatory, legislative, and business developments
What is the orange book
a list product produce by the FDA of approved drugs and their generic equivalents
What is the DALY
Measures healthy life lost to disability
What is the QALY
Measure of disease burden which include quality and quantity
What is the cost - benefit analysis
Determines if the monetary value of an intervention’s consequences exceed the cost and by how much
Cost minimization
determines the least costly intervention that will accomplish identical results.
What happens to TSH after birth and screening impact
Physiological neonatal tsh surge. TSH rises abruptly 30 60 minutes after birth.
Wait 48 -72 hrs for congenital hypothyroidism screening
Absolute risk reduction
Absolute difference in outcome between a treatment and a control group.
Formula for Positive predictive value
A/A +B.
Of those who tested positive, how many actually had disease.
Can be determined by population prevalence, sensitivity (D; % (ND)) and Specificity (A)
Case fatality formula
Death from disease x/ all those with disease X
Relative Risk formula
(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)
Net sensitivity
S1 * S2
Will always be lower than both sensitivities
When is odds ratio a close approximation of the relative risk
When the disease is relatively rare.
NNT
1 - ARR (incidence in exposed- incidence unexposed)
Relative Risk reduction
AR/incidence exposed
NNH
number of patients needed to cause serious harm
1/ARI (incidence in exposed - incidence in unexposed. )
Type one error
Concluding that there is a difference when there really isn’t a difference
Probability = alpha
Type 2 error
Concluding that there is not a difference in the treatment when there really is a difference
Probability: beta
power
1 - Beta or 1 minus the probability of a type 2 error.
How do you decrease the alpha and beta error without increasing the sample size
Increase the effect size
Life tables
used to demonstrate the survival experience of a cohort
The analysis assumes that there is no improvement in treatment effectiveness
patients can enter at different times
can be used if patients are lost to follow up
Multiple comparisons problem
When a researcher fails to state a hypothesis before conducting a study and uses many characteristics to make a variety of comparison.
Ex. retrospective review looking at 50 characteristics. Some will be statistically significant by chance alone.
Interquartile range
Q3 - Q1
Q1 middle value in the first half of the ranked order set
Q2 Median value
Q 3 middle value in the second half of the ranked order set.
Deterministic process
Process that is non-genetic, non-cancer health endpoint with a does threshold and where severity is function of dose
Length time bias
Overestimation of survival due to
excess case due to slow progression
usually detected during screening
lead time
duration of time between detection and its usual clinical presentation/diagnosis
Standardized mortality rate calculation
observed death/expected deaths.
expected deaths = (death rate in general population * population of interest.)
What pediatric population has the highest rate of drowning
males under the age of 5
What are the global disease mortalities for children under 5
- respiratory illnesses. 2. diarrheal illness. 3 malaria. 4 injuries.
Formula for the 95% CI of the mean
x +/- Z.975 * (sd/square root of the mean)
R2
The correlation coefficient. Corresponds to the amount of the variation in BMI that is accounted for by the equation. Ex. .64 of the bmi
Calculate discount rate
x * y/discount rate ^# years
formula for efficacy
(rate in placebo group - rate in vaccine group)/ (rate in placebo group)
