environmental and occupational Flashcards
What are the steps in an environmental risk assessment?
Hazard identification
Dose response
Exposure assessment
Risk characterization
What is the radiation limit for occupational exposures
5 rem
Hazard Identification
Step in environmental risk assessment where hazards of chemicals affects in humans and animals is determined
Dose - response
Step in environmental risk assessment that uses hazards identified in the previous step and determines the relationship between the dose and severity
Exposure assessment
Step in environmental risk assessment that identifies how much of the hazard, a population is exposed to.
Risk characterization
Step in environmental risk assessment that determines the risk in the exposed population
What is the effect of Infrared light on eye
Can cause retinal and corneal burns.
Exposures can go undetected because the retina lack pain sensation and vision symptoms occur only after severe damage
What is the effect of UVA and UVB on the eye
Photochemical cataracts and photo keratitis, and macular degeneration.
What is the effect of high energy visible light on the eye
Slow damage leasing to macular degeneration and loss of central vision
Arsenic ( source, symptoms, treatment
wells or rice
acute: NV, bloody D, muscle cramps.
Chronic: CA kidney, lung, bladder, skin; neuropathy; HTN
Which chemicals are considers mid spectrum agents
Chemical toxin produced by a biological organizm; ricin, botulism; t-2 mycotoxin
What are binary chemical weapons
munitions that hold 2 immediate precursors to a chemical agent in a separate compartments. Agents are separated by a membrane that ruptures to allow the precursors to mix in flight when launched
Emergency eyewash station
Attached to building plumbing
temp – 60 -105 F
Pressure 30 psi
Vinyl chloride source and disease
material use in plastic products; processing plants, landfills, and hazardous waste
Hepatic angiosarcoma
Benzene Exposure source and disease
Hydrocarbon AML, necrotizing chemical pneumonitis, liquid pneumonia, and hemorrhagic pulmonary edema
Asbestos
Mesothelioma
Who is at the highest risk for heat related illness or injury
chronic mental disorders
midwest and NE illness and death likely to increase
Chloroflurocarbon gas. Source; effect
refridgerators, increased UV radiation and skin cancer. Decrease Ozone layer
What percent of childhood asthma is attributed to air quality
30%
What percent of childhood cancers are attributed to the environment
5%
What percent of childhood neurobehavioral disorders are environmentally attributable
10%
Radiation effects at rads:
10
acute 2000
>1000
>2000
nothing… maybe slightly increased cancer risk
death
GI symptoms
Meningitis
Noise exposure hearing loss
occurs with age
worsened by exposure to load noises
causesmetabolic overload
Hyperacusis
pain
Occurs with short blast of noise
range 120 -155
Who sets standards and guidelines for noise exposures at work
OHSA
What are the noise regulations for works
noise >85 dB must have hearing protection and be enrolled in hearing conservation program
exposure of 100 dB is limited to 2 hrs.
Silicosis
Sand blasting
cyanide source, disease, symptoms
has, elevated lactate, anion gap, metabolic acidosis, and decreased AV oxygen gradient
Cadmium source, disease
household waste, mining, soil
kidny and bone disease. maybe emphysema and lung cancer
pyrethroids
Farming; functional change in the NA channels that causes agitation, seizures, and cancer.
Organophosphates mechanism of disease, symptoms
farmers,, inhibit acetylcholinesterase,
Carbamates
inhibit acetylcholinesterase
How much flouride should be in the drinking water
0.7 ppm
Toxic substance control act
passed in 1976 empowers the EPA authority to test for chemical
Ammonia
Primarily used in fertilizers. strong odor. may be fatal if inhaled. Can cause corosive injuries
What is the most common source of ionizing radiation in the US
what is the second and third most common
Radon, nuclear , xray
What are the steps in drinking water treatment
Coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection
How long before an employer has to report a fatality to OSHA
8 hours
What health risk has the highest association with abstenteeism at work
high BMI
Carpel tunnel
tingling in palm of hands and fingers. thumb to third fingers. Thenar, but not hypothenar eminence.
What is the most common cause of occupationally associated lower back pain
unknown
Who sets the reccomended exposure limits
NIOSH
Who enforces the permisible exposure limits
OSHA
Who sets standards for criteria air pollutants and maximum contaminant levels for drinking water
EPA
What kind of radiation does uranium emit and what does it cause.
The decay product is radon. It emits alpha radiation and increases the risk of lung cancer
What is the best way to change shift work
go progressively from day to evening to night. We tolerate forward progressing shifts better than backwards or longers or random
What is the type of gas that forms from a substance normally solid or liquid at room temp.
Vapor
