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MPP > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are crossectional studies

A

This is a study of exposure of a section of a study population & outcome at one point in time or over a short period of time.

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2
Q

Types of cross sectional studies

A

Descriptive cross sectional studies; determines frequency & distribution of outcome (diseases and health related conditions) in a specified population.

Analytical cross-sectional studies;
study the association between exposure and outcome at the same time

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3
Q

Steps taken in a cross-sectional study

A
  1. The investigator identifies a study population in a specified study area/community
  2. Takes a cross-section of this population or community at a certain point in time

3.Then investigates the presence or absence of exposure and the outcome (disease) for each individual selected in a study sample.

4.Finally data analyzed to establish the association / relationship between the exposure and the outcome (disease).

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4
Q

Define a Survey

A

Is an observational cross-sectional study, which allows selection of a large sample of study participants from a population to be involved in a study to determine prevalence/frequency & associated factors

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5
Q

Types of surveys

A

1.Descriptive Cross-sectional surveys
2.Comparative cross-sectional surveys or Analytical surveys

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6
Q

Examples of surveys

A

1.National surveys;
National HIV/Malaria/Sickle cells disease survey

2.Health survey;
Uganda Demographic and Health Survey

3.Community survey;
A Safe male circumcision (SMC) survey in Kiteredde

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7
Q

Pros of cross sectional studies

A

1.Short duration
2.Cheap
3. Estimate Prevalence
4.Can set & prove hypothesis (analytical cross
sectional studies

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8
Q

Cons of cross sectional studies

A

1.Temporal association ( temporality) is weak
2.Recall bias
3.Can’t estimate incidence
4.Not suitable for describing natural history of a disease

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9
Q

Case control studies

A

Retrospective analytical study;
Identifies cases (diseased individuals) & identical controls (non-diseased) from the same study population, to study their level of exposure back in the time. Then determine the association btn Exposure & outcome (disease).

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10
Q

Types of case control studies that use odds ratio (OR)

A

Community or hospital based case- control study.

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11
Q

Types of studies that use Relative ratio (RR)

A

1) Prospective & Retrospective cohort study
2) Time Series study.

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12
Q

Distinguish between case-control studies and cohort studies

A

Case-control studies are retrospective and cohort studies are are both retrospective and prospective studies

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13
Q

Cohort studies

A

Longitudinal Analytical study;
Identifies two similar cohorts from a selected study population, one is exposed & the other unexposed, then observed overtime for a common outcome in the two cohorts. Then determine the association btn Exposure & outcome

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14
Q

Pros of case-control studies

A

1) Suitable for rare diseases
2) Cost effective in resource
3) Saves time

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15
Q

Cons of case-control studies

A

1) Susceptible to selection bias and Recall bias
2) Difficult to prove that exposure led to outcome

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16
Q

Pros of cohort studies

A

1) Study subjects selected before disease detection
2) Exposure status determined before outcome
3) can study multiple outcomes
4) Strong temporal association
5) suitable for Natural history of disease
6) No selection or recall bias

17
Q

Cons of cohort studies

A

1) Time consuming
2) Expensive
3) Ineffective for rare diseases or those with long latency
4) Loss to follow up is common

18
Q

Study designs in Interventional studies

A

*Lab. Experiments
*Animal Studies/Trials
*Randomised Control Trials (RCT) & Non-RCT
*Clinical Trials
*Community/Field Trials

19
Q

Randomised control trials

A

*Scientific/medical experiment testing effectiveness of new treatment.
* Diseased patients are randomly selected into 2 or more groups & blindly exposed to different treatments (A – new treatment, B – Placebo), their response/ outcome observed and treatment efficacy assessed, and adverse effects reported

20
Q

Methods of carrying out Randomised Control trails

A

1) Simple Randomization
2) Stratified Randomization
3) Systematic Randomization
4) Clustered Randomization

21
Q

Define Blinding

A

Refers to Masking of information from one or more parties in a controlled trial regarding therapy to prevent performance or detection bias.

22
Q

Discuss the types of blinding

A

1) Single blinding:
study participants/patients are blinded
2) Double blinding:
Research assistant/ clinician and participants/patients are blinded
3) Triple blinding:
Investigator/ Research assistant/ clinician/ Pharmacist , study participants/patients & data analyst are blinded.

23
Q

Reasons for blinding

A

1) Prevent control bias
2) Prevent placeable bias
3) Control experiemental bias

24
Q

What do you understand by clinical studies

A

A prospective biomedical or clinical study that assess new clinical interventions (novel vaccine, drug, diet/ nutritional supplement, or medical device) in comparison to Safety, Efficacy & Mode of Action (MOA) of known interventions.

25
Q

Types of clinical studies

A

1) Randomized & Non- Randomized CT,
2) Hospital & Community based CT

26
Q

Describe what takes place during pre clinical trials

A

Provides information of toxicity and dosing

27
Q

Pros of RCTs and CTs

A

1) Gold standard of research designs due to strong evidence of association
2) Randomization & Blinding prevents selection bias
3) Control possible confounders
4) Can obtain Comparative results for study groups on treatment or
5) Can compare new & existing therapies

28
Q

Define the term communicable diseases

A

Is a disease that occurs due to the transmission of an infectious agent from an infectious person to a susceptible person either directly or indirectly through a vector or the environment

29
Q

Define the term Communicable diseases

A

Is a disease that occurs due to transmission of an infectious agent from an infected person to a susceptible person either directly or indirectly through a vector or the environment.

30
Q

How are communicable disesase spend

A
  • Physical touch with a pathogen-bearing individual
  • Interaction with pathogen-containing body fluids
  • Catching a pathogen through someone else’s cough or sneeze and breathing droplets
  • Obtaining a pathogen-carrying animal or insect bite
  • Consuming contaminated food or water
31
Q

What is the primary cause of communicable disesases

A

Are primarily caused by bacteria or viruses that people can contract from one another by touching contaminated objects

32
Q

How are communicable diseases identified

A

-Clinical manifestations
-Laboratory investigations
-Infectious agent isolation

33
Q

Types of preventions against communicable diseases

A
  • Primary Prevention (before infection)
  • Secondary Prevention (deal with infection and disease)
  • Tertiary Prevention (deal with residual effects of disease-Rehabilitation
34
Q

Outline the methods of prevention of communicable diseses

A
  • Preventive measures (primary prevention)
  • Control of patients contacts and immediate environment
  • Epidemic measures
  • Disaster implications
  • International measures
35
Q

Control of patients, contacts and immediate environment

A
  • Isolation
  • Concurrent disinfection
  • Quarantine
  • Investigate contacts and source of infection
  • Specific treatment
36
Q

19th century theories in disease cause and prevention

A

Contagion theory
Supernatural theory
Personal behavior theory
Miasma theory

37
Q

20th century theories in disease cause and prevention

A

The Germ Theory
The Life Style Theory
The Environmental Theory
The Multi Causal Theory

MPP (7 decks)

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