Epidemiology Flashcards
Define incidence rate.
Number of new disease cases developing over specific time in defined population.
Define prevalence.
Number of disease cases in defined population at one time.
What is the equation for measuring incidence rate ?
Rate = number of new cases of disease / number of people at risk of developing that disease.
What is the equation for measuring prevalence ?
Prevalence = number of cases of disease / total number of people in population.
What allows for development of hypothesis of disease ?
Prevalence.
Where should values be obtained from for calculating incidence rate ?
Longitudinal studies.
Where should values be obtained from for calculating prevalence ?
Cross-sectional studies.
What is SIMD ?
Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation.
Area based index measuring Scottish neighbourhoods from most deprived to least deprived using a range of data from 7 factors of deprivation.
What are the 7 factors of deprivation ?
Crime.
Eduction, skills and training.
Housing, living and working conditions.
Geographical access.
Health and healthcare services.
Employment status.
Income.
What are the 5 properties of ideal epidemiological indices ?
Clear, unambiguous, objective and reproducible.
Indicate treatment need.
Correspond with clinical important changes in disease.
Be within ability of examiners and non-time consuming.
Amenable to statistical analysis and comparable to other studies.
What is used as measurement for periodontal disease ?
CPITN.
What index has been developed for measurement of dental caries ?
DMFT/dmft index.
What does DMFT/dmft stand for ?
Decayed, missing or filled teeth - 0.32.
What does DMFS/dmfs stand for ?
Decayed, missing or filled surfaces - 0-148.
What does D3MFT/d3mft stand for ?
Decay into dentine.
What does D1MFT/d1mft stand for ?
Decay into enamel.
What are the limitations of dmft index ?
Teeth can be extracted for other reasons than caries.
Influenced by access i.e. inter proximal surfaces.
Difficulty differentiating FS from restoration.
Influenced by past disease activity.
Cannot be used for root caries.
Define epidemiology.
Measurement of amount and distribution of disease and natural history of disease.
Define risk factors.
Environmental, behaviour or biological factor confirmed by temporal sequences, usually increasing probability of disease occurring and if absent or removed, reduce probability.
What are the three common indices of risk ?
Absolute.
Relative.
Attributable.
Define absolute risk.
Incidence rate pop disease amongst people exposed to agent.
Define relative risk.
Measurement of proportionate increase in disease rates of exposed group i.e. ratio of incidence rate in exposed and non-exposed group.
Define attributable risk.
Difference between incidence rates in exposed and non-exposed groups.
