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Clinical Prevention/ Public Health > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

refers not only to the number of health events, but to the relationship of that number to the size of the population?

A

frequency

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2
Q

refers to the occurence of the health related events by time, place and person

A

pattern

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3
Q
  • any factor, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in a health condition or other defined characteristic
  • illness does not occur randomly in a population
A

determinant

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4
Q

Types of questions epidemiology can answer?

A
  • who is making them sick?
  • who is or isn’t getting sick?
  • where are they getting sick?
  • when are they getting sick?
  • how many are sick (frequency or count)
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5
Q

key feature of analytic epidemiology?

A

comparison group

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6
Q

when we find that persons with a particular characteristic are more likely than those without the characteristic to experience a certain health outcome, the characteristic is said to be associated with that health outcome

A

analytic epidemiology

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7
Q

Measure of the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population over a specified period of time

A

Rate

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8
Q

what is needed to calculate the rate?

A
  • the number of cases or illness or health outcome (i.e, disease or death)
  • the size of the defined population
  • the period of time during which an event occurs
  • multiplier (usually 100,000)
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9
Q
  • refers to only new cases of illness or disease in the population of interest occuring in specified time period
A

incidence

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10
Q
  • refers to the existing or current (new+old) cases of illness or disease in the population of interst occuring in a specified time period
A

prevalence

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11
Q

what are considered non-experimental/ observational studies?

A

cohort studies (prospective and retrospective)
case-control studies
cross-sectional

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12
Q

what are considered experimental studies?

A
  • clinical trials
  • field trial
  • community intervention
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13
Q
  • refers to the act of randomly assigning subjects in a study to different treatment groups
  • helps to control for confounding variables
  • guards against bias
A

Randomized clinical trial

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14
Q
  • a variable that is hidden or not included in an analysis, but impacts the relationship being analyzed
  • some hide real relationships, while others make a false relationship appear to exist
  • related to independent and dependent variable
A

Confounding variables

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15
Q

what are two conditions that must be met to be a confounder?

A
  • It must be correlated with the independent variable. this may also be a casual relationship but it does not have to be
  • it may be causally related to the dependent variable
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16
Q
  • Anything that leads to a systematic difference between the true parameters of a population and the statistics used to estimate those parameters
A

Bias

17
Q

occurs when there is a systematic difference between either:

  • those who participate in the study and those who do not (affecting generalizability) or
  • those in the treatment arm of a study and those in the control group (affecting comparability between groups)
A

selection bias

18
Q
  • occurs where the way in which outcome information is collected differs between groups
  • can occur in trials when groups differ in the way outcome information is collected or the way outcomes are verified
  • a test or treatment for a disease may perform differently according to some characteristic of the study participant, which itself may influence the likelihood of disease detection or the effectiveness of the treatment
A

Detection Bias

19
Q
  • Results from the systemic differences in the way data on exposure or outcome are obtained from the various study groups
  • occurs when information is collected differently between tow groups, leading to an error in the conclusion of the association
A

information bias

20
Q
  • may be a result of the investigator’s prior knowledge of the hypothesis under investigation or knowledge of an individual’s exposure or disease status
A

observer bias

21
Q

occurs where an interviewer asks leading questions that may systematically influence the response given by interviewees

A

interviewer bias

22
Q

refers to the classification of an individual, a value or an attribute into a category other than that to which it should be assigned

A

misclassification

23
Q
  • a systemic error that occurs when participants do not remember previous events or experiences accurately or omit details
  • a problem that usually occurs with the use of self reporting, such as case-control studies and retrospective cohort studies
A

Recall bias

24
Q
  • a sample of persons is enrolled- exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously
  • assess the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome at that point in time without regard to duration
  • “snapshot”
  • not as powerful as a cohort study or case control studies because outcomes and exposure variables are measured at the same time
  • suitable for generating hypotheses and informing other study designs
A

Cross-sectional

25
Q
  • enroll a group of people and groups them by disease status
  • those with the disease, and then, as a comparison group, those without disease
  • cares about disease status of participants and then compares previous exposures between the two groups
  • the control group provides an estimate of the baseline or expected amount of exposure in that population
A

Case Control

26
Q
  • cares are about exposure status of participants, and then tracks the participants overtime to see if they develop the disease of interest
  • after a period of time, compares the disease rate in the exposed group with the disease rate in the unexposed group
  • the unexposed group is the comparison group- provides an estimate of the baseline or expected amount of disease occurance in the community
  • can be retrospective or prospective
A

cohort

Clinical Prevention/ Public Health (10 decks)

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