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NURS 317 > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specific populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states and the application of the knowledge to control the health problem
Infectious diseases

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2
Q

Epidemiology questions

A

To describe, explain, predict and control challenges to population health
How and Why: examine causality and modes of transmission
Who, what, where and when: of disease and causation and distribution patterns

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3
Q

Number one priority in public health

A

disease control

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4
Q

Public Health Nursing role in Epidemiology

A

Frontline in identification of outbreaks
Case management and support for quarantined individuals
Provide education
Responsible for case findings of the contacts

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5
Q

Outbreak

A

sudden occurance of a disease in a community which has never experienced the disease before OR cases occur in more numbers than expected

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6
Q

Epidemic

A

occurance of illness/disease in excess of what would normally be expected in community or region

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7
Q

Endemic

A

a disease occurring regularly within a geographic region

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8
Q

Pandemic

A

A disease affecting large portions of the population throughout the world

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9
Q

Screening

A

secondary prevention - early diagnosis and test to detect presence of disease

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10
Q

Case findings

A

determining individuals whose health statis is at risk

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11
Q

Surveillance

A

constant monitoring of disease to assess patterns and identify events that do not fit the pattern

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12
Q

Primordial

A

how society structures can change the SDoH and the health of an individual
Education, promotion

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13
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

person, place and time variable to describe disease patterns
What/where/when

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14
Q

Analytic epidemiology

A

examines complex relationships among determinants of disease.
Why

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15
Q

Epidemiologic Model (triangle)

A

host, agent and environment (what in the cycle promotes sickness?)

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16
Q

Epidemiologic Variables

A

descriptive factors to describe events

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17
Q

Susceptibility

A

Vulnerability, determines individual response

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18
Q

Pathogenesis period

A

host begins to react to agent to recovery, disability or death

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19
Q

Primary prevention

A

measures alter exposures promote optimal health (health reduction)

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20
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Detect patho process, early diagnosis, screening

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21
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

increased vulnerability/susceptibility, prevent relapse/deterioration (education, rehab, palliation)

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22
Q

Association and Causation

A

connection between stressor and disease/confirmed

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23
Q

Web of causation

A

relationships among influences of health challenge

24
Q

Host (epidemiologic model)

A

human being in which disease occurs
ex. Age, sex, ethnicity, genetic, previous disease/immune system, birth place, marital status, immigration, education, family hx, occupation

25
Q

Agent (epidemiologic model)

A

contagious/non-contagious force that begins or prolongs a health problem
ex. biological/infectious (bacteria, virus, fungi), chemical (smoke, poison, alcohol),physical (heat, cold)

26
Q

Environment (epidemiologic model)

A

context that promotes the exposure of the host to agent
ex. Physical (weather, geography, pollution), Biological (plants, animals, Mico-organisms), Social (neighbourhood, housing, work, education, resources, econ. status, poverty

27
Q

Risk factor

A

the specific exposure factor. Determines risk

28
Q

Attributable risk

A

burden of disease in a population based on risk factors

29
Q

Relative risk

A

the excess risk caused by a risk factor

30
Q

Causality

A

Determined in terms of association of identified causal factors

31
Q

Criteria for cause and effect relationship

A

Particular Stressor
Time relation
Strength of association (stressor)
Dose-response relationship
Specificity
Consistency
Biological plausibility
Experimental Replication

32
Q

Rates

A

population proportions or fractions that are used to interpret raw data and to make comparisons and assess trends

33
Q

Rates equation

A

numerator: number of events
Denominator: the population at a specific time period

34
Q

Incident rate

A

number of new cases of the disease in a given time period

35
Q

Prevalence rate

A

total number of people who have a disease at any one given time period

36
Q

Morbidity Rates

A

provides information of population and disease/health challenges over time
Offers info on susceptibility of the population and effectiveness of health promotion

37
Q

Prevalence

A

the number of all cases of a specific disease in a population at a given point in time/relative to the population at risk

38
Q

Incidence

A

identification of new cases of disease in a population over time/relative to the population at risk

39
Q

Mortality Rates

A

The ratio of the number of deaths in various categories to the number of people in a given population

40
Q

Crude Rates

A

compare number of deaths/health event from a specific cause within the entire population

(birth, death, age, gender specific rate)

41
Q

infant mortality

A

birth to one year

42
Q

neonatal mortality

A

birth to 28 days

43
Q

Maternal death rate

A

maternal deaths/live births x 100 000

44
Q

Screening

A

identifies risk factors and diseases in earliest stages

high sensitivity and specificity

45
Q

Sensitivity (screening)

A

ability to test those with diseases (positives)

46
Q

Specificity (screening)

A

extent to which a test can identify those without the disease (false positives)

47
Q

Surveillance

A

Ongoing collection of information regarding a health issue
Assesses patterns
Monitoring changes in disease frequency and trends with risk factors

48
Q

Descriptive Research Method

A

Person-place-time model (who, when, where)

49
Q

Analytical Research Method

A

how and why

50
Q

Observational Studies (research method)

A

cross-sectional/correlation studies
present-future

examine realtionships between disease and other characteristics of a specific population at one point in time

51
Q

Experimental Studies

A

Manipulate/controls selected variables
Clinical trials

52
Q

Epidemic Curve

A

Used to identify additional cases that are unrecognized or unreported
Graphic display of outbreak with time on the X-axis and number of persons meeting the case definition on the Y-axis
Pre-epidemic and epidemic periods are included

53
Q

Epidemic Period

A

time from the onset of first case to cases under investigation

54
Q

Pre-epidemic period

A

taken from 12 months prior to the outbreak to avoid seasonal bias

55
Q

Virulence

A

the severity of illness or disease that it causes in a host

56
Q

Case-control/retrospective studies

A

Investigate disease by using 2 groups

NURS 317 (8 decks)

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