Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PUBH 4040 Epidemiology > Epi Exam 1 > Flashcards

Epi Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term epidemiology.

A

The study of what befalls the population.
Epidemiology is concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define determinants.

A

Factors or events that are capable of bringing about a change in health.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define distribution.

A

Study of frequency and pattern of health events in the population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Morbidity

A

Designates illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mortality

A

Refers to deaths that occur in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name and describe characteristics of the epidemiologic approach.

A

To DESCRIBE the health status of populations.
To EXPLAIN the etiology of disease.
To PREDICT the occurrence of disease.
To CONTROL the occurrence of disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hippocrates’s hypothesis

A

Suggested that disease might be associated with the physical environment.
Represented a movement away from supernatural explanations of disease causation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Graunt’s contributions to biostatistics.

A

Recorded how many persons per year died of what kind of event or disease.
Developed and calculated life tables and expectancy.
Divided deaths into two types of causes: acute and chronic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define natural experiments.

A

The epidemiologist does not manipulate a risk factor but rather observes the changes in an outcome as the result of a naturally occurring situation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of a disease clearly in excess of normal expectancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Endemic

A

A disease or infectious agent that is habitually present in a community. Often an endemic disease maintains a low but continuous incidence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic on a worldwide scale.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Surveillance

A

The systematic collection of data pertaining to the occurrence of specific diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Epidemic Threshold

A

The minimum number of cases that would support the conclusion that an epidemic was underway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Invented smallpox vaccine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

John Snow

A

Investigated a cholera outbreak. Linked the epidemic to contaminated water supplies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Early pioneer of antiseptic procedures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

William Farr

A

Provided foundation for classification of diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Robert Koch

A

Established germ theory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Seven Uses of Epidemiology

A

To STUDY the history of the health of populations.
To DIAGNOSE the health of the community.
To STUDY the working of health services-operations research.
To ESTIMATE the individual risks of disease and other conditions, and the chances of avoiding them.
To IDENTIFY syndromes.
To COMPLETE the clinical picture of chronic diseases.
To SEARCH for causes of health and disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Microorganism must be observed in every case of the disease.
Microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
Pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease.
Microorganism must be observed in, and recovered from, diseased animal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Four trends that reduce reliability of morbidity and mortality.

A

New Epidemic
Persisting
Disappearing
Residual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Disappearing Disorders

A

Conditions that were once common but are no longer present in epidemic form.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Residual Disorders

A

Conditions for which the key contributing factors are largely known.
Methods of control not implemented effectively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Residual Disorders

A

Conditions for which the key contributing factors are largely known.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

New Epidemic Disorders

A

Diseases that are increasing in frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Fixed Population

A

Adds no new members and, as a result, decreases in size due to deaths only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dynamic Population

A

Adds new members through migration and births or loses members through emigration and deaths.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Demographic Transition

A

Shift from high birth and death rates found in agrarian societies to lower birth and death rates found in developed countries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epidemiologic Transition

A

Shift in the pattern of morbidity and mortality from infectious and communicable diseases to chronic, degenerative diseases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Operations Research

A

The study of the placement and optimum utilization of health services in a community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Risk Factor

A

Exposure that is associated with a disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Three Criteria for Risk Factors

A

The frequency of the disease varies by category or value of the factor.
The risk factor precedes the onset of the disease.
The observation must not be due to error.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Modern Concepts of Causality

A 
Strength of Association
Consistency upon Repetition
Specificity
Time Sequence
Biologic Gradient
Plausibility
Coherence of Explanation
Experiment - Natural Experiments
Analogy - Similar Associations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Case-Control Design

A

A type of design that compares persons who have a disease with those who are free from the disease. This design explores whether differences between cases and controls result from exposures to risk factors.

33
Q

Cohort Design

A

A group of people free from a disease is assembled according to a variety of exposures. The group is followed over a period of time for development of disease.

34
Q

Natural History of Disease

A

The course of disease from its beginning to its final clinical end points.

35
Q

Prepathogenesis

A

Before agent reacts with host.

36
Q

Pathogenesis

A

After agent reacts with host.

37
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Occurs during prepathogenesis phase.

Includes health promotion, education, and specific protection against diseases.

38
Q

Active Prevention

A

Necessitates behavior change on the part of the subject.

39
Q

Passive Prevention

A

Does not require any behavior change.

40
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Occurs during the pathogenesis phase. Designed to reduce progress of the disease.

41
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Designed to limit disability from disease. Also directed at restoring optimal functioning.

42
Q

Ratio

A

The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another.

In a ratio, the values of x and y are independent such that the values of x are not contained in y.

43
Q

Proportion

A

A measure that states a count relative to the size of the group.
In a proportion, x is contained in y.

44
Q

Rate

A

A ratio that consists of a numerator and a denominator and in which time forms part of the denominator.

45
Q

Count

A

Refers to the number of cases of a disease or other health phenomenon being studied.

46
Q

Prevalence

A

The number of existing cases of a disease or health condition in a population at some designated time.

47
Q

Point Prevalence

A

= Number of persons ill / total number in the group at point in time

48
Q

Period Prevalence

A

= Number of persons ill / average population during a time period

49
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group during a certain time period.

50
Q

Incidence Rate

A

Describes the rate of development of a disease in a group over a certain time period.

51
Q

Attack Rate

A

= ill / (ill + well) * 100

52
Q

Incidence Density

A

An incidence measure used when members of a population are under observation for different lengths of time.

53
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

= (Number of live births within a given period / population size at the middle of that period) * 1,000 population

54
Q

General Fertility Rate

A

= (# of live births within a year / # of women aged 15-44 years during the midpoint of the year) * 1,000 women aged 15-44

57
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

= (Number of infant deaths among infants aged 0-365 days during the year / number of live births during the year) / 1,000 live births

58
Q

Fetal Death Rate

A

= [Number of fetal deaths after 20 weeks gestation / (number of live births + number of fetal deaths after 20 weeks gestation)] / * 1,000

59
Q

Fetal Death Ratio

A

= (Number of fetal deaths after 20 weeks or more gestation) / number of live births) * 1,000

61
Q

Neonatal Mortality Rate

A

= (Number of infant deaths under 28 days of rage / number of live births) * 1,000 live births

62
Q

Postneonatal Mortality Rate

A

= (Number of infant deaths from 28-365 days after birth / number of live births - neonatal deaths) * 1,000 live births

63
Q

Perinatal Mortality Rate

A

= (Number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth / number of live births + number of late fetal deaths) * 1,000 live births and fetal deaths

64
Q

Perinatal Mortality Ratio

A

= (Number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth / number of live births) * 1,000 live births

65
Q

Maternal Mortality Rate

A

= (Number of deaths assigned to causes related to childbirth / number of live births) * 100,000 live births

66
Q

Cause-Specific Rate

A

= (Mortality or frequency of a given disease / population size at midpoint of time period) * 100,000

67
Q

Proportional Mortality Ratio

A

= (Mortality due to a specific cause during a time period / mortality due to all causes during the same time period) * 100

68
Q

Age-Specific Rate

A

= (Number of deaths among those aged 5-14 years / number of persons who are 5-14 years during time period) * 100,000

69
Q

Standard Mortality Ratio

A

= (Observed deaths / expected deaths) * 100

70
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

Used to identify a health problem that may exist.

71
Q

Analytic Studies

A

Used to identify the cause of a health problem.

72
Q

Hypotheses

A

Theories tested by gathering facts that lead to their acceptance or rejection.

73
Q

Case Reports

A

Counts

74
Q

Case Series

A

Summarize characteristics of patients from major clinical settings.

75
Q

Cross-sectional Studies

A

Surveys of the population to estimate the prevalence of a disease or exposure.

76
Q

Acculturation

A

Modifications that individuals or groups undergo when they come in contact with another country.

77
Q

Nativity

A

Place of origin of the individual.

78
Q

Social Causation Explanation

A

Conditions associated with lower social class produce mental illness.

79
Q

Downward Drift Hypothesis

A

Persons with severe mental disorders move to impoverished areas.

80
Q

Case Clustering

A

An unusual aggregation of health events grouped together in space and time.

81
Q

Representativeness

A

How does the sample represent the parent population?

82
Q

Generalizability

A

Ability to apply findings to a population that did not participate in the study.

83
Q

Thoroughness

A

The extent to which all cases of a health phenomenon have been identified.

84
Q

Registry

A

A centralized database for collection of data about a disease.

85
Q

Crude Rates

A

Summary rates based on the actual number of events in a population over a given time period.

86
Q

Healthy Migrant Effect

A

The observation that healthier, younger persons usually form the majority of migrants.

PUBH 4040 Epidemiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions