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EPHE 241 > EPHE 241 Exam #2 > Flashcards

EPHE 241 Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Somatosensory System

A

Branch of the nervous system associated with perception of somatic sensations.
Note: Associated with receptors in the skin and proprioception.

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2
Q

Special Senses

A

Senses of vision, olfaction, taste, hearing and equilibrium.

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized neuronal structures that detect a specific form of energy in either the internal or external environment.

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4
Q

Modality

A

In the sensory system, the energy form of a stimulus.

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5
Q

Law of Specific Nerve Energies

A

States that a given sensory receptor is specific for a particular energy form or stimulus type.

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6
Q

Adequate Stimulus

A

The energy form or stimulus type to which a sensory receptor responds best.

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7
Q

Tranduction

A

Conversation of the energy form of a stimulus into an electrical signal in the form of changes in membrane potential.

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8
Q

Receptor Potential

A

Graded potential caused by the opening or closing of ion channels on sensory receptors, and triggered by sensory stimuli.

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9
Q

Tonic (slow adapting) Receptors

A

Receptors that maintain responsiveness to a continuing stimulus.

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10
Q

Phasic (rapidly adapting) Receptors

A

Receptors that decrease in responsiveness to a continuing stimulus.

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11
Q

Sensory Unit

A

A single afferent neuron and all sensory receptors associated with it.

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12
Q

Receptive Field

A

The area over which an adequate stimulus cab produce a response, either excitatory or inhibitory, in an afferent neuron or higher-order neurons.

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13
Q

Acuity

A

In sensory systems, a measure of the precision of perception.

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14
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Process during which a stimulus that strongly excites receptors in a certain location inhibits activity in the afferent pathways of other receptors located nearby.

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15
Q

External Auditory Metus

A

Ear canal.

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16
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Eardrum.

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17
Q

Ossicles

A

Three bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea
Note: includes the malleus, incus and stapes.

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18
Q

Oval Window

A

Membrane between the middle and inner ear; transmit sounds waves from the middle to inner ear.

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19
Q

Round Window

A

Membrane between the middle and inner ear; dissipates sound waves in the inner ear.

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20
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

A canal that connects the middle ear with the pharynx and allows equilibration of air pressure across the eardrum.

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21
Q

Cochlea

A

A spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the receptor cells for hearing.

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22
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

A

Nerves that contain the afferents for hearing and equilibrium
Note: Cranial nerve 8

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23
Q

Vestibular Membrane

A

Membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media.

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24
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear that separates the scala trympani from the scala media.

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25
Q

Scala Tympani

A

Fluid-filled duct in the cochlea.

Note: Also called tympanic duct

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26
Q

Scala Media

A

Fluid-filled duct in the cochlea.

Note: Also called cochlear duct

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27
Q

Perilymph

A

Fluid found in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani of the cochlea in the inner ear.

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28
Q

Endolymph

A

Fluid found in the scala media of the cochlea in the inner ear.

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29
Q

Organ of Corti

A

A sensory organ for sound; located on the top of the basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear

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30
Q

Hair Cells

A

Cells with stereocilia; receptor cells for hearing and equilibrium.

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31
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Membrane in the organ of the Corti in which the tips of stereocilia are embedded.

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32
Q

Stereocilia

A

Hairlike projections on the upper surfaces of hair cells in vibrations or acceleration of the head.

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33
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

A nucleus of the thalamus that transmits information to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

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34
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Portion of the temporal lobe of the brain that processes auditory information.

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35
Q

Fight-or-Flight Response

A

A group of physiological changes coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system the prepares the body to cope with threatening situations.

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36
Q

Autonomic Ganglia

A

Cluster of synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.

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37
Q

Preganglionic Neurons

A

Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that travel from the CNS to autonomic ganglia, where they communicate with postganglionic neurons.

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38
Q

Postganglionic Neurons

A

Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that travel from autonomic ganglia to the effector organs.

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39
Q

Lateral Horn

A

A region of grey matter of the spinal cord where certain autonomic preganglionic neurons originate.

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40
Q

Sympathetic Chains

A

Structures parallel to the spinal column on either side in which the sympathetic ganglia are linked together in rows.

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41
Q

Collateral Ganglia

A

Sympathetic ganglion independent of the sympathetic chain.

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42
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Major parasympathetic nerve that originates in the medulla oblongata and innervate much of the viscera
Note: Cranial Nerve 5

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43
Q

Cholinergic

A

Pertaining to acetylcholine.

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44
Q

Adrenergic

A

Pertaining to epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline).

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45
Q

Alpha Receptors

A

Class of adrenergic receptors.

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46
Q

Beta Receptors

A

Class of adrenergic receptros.

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47
Q

Varicosities

A

Axon swellings of autonomic postganglion neurons; stores and release neurotransmitters.

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48
Q

Visceral Reflexes

A

Autonomic changes in the functions of organs that occur in response to changing conditions inside the body.

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49
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

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50
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Conduits through which blood flows.

51
Q

Atria

A

The hearts two upper chambers, which receive blood carried to the heart in veins.

52
Q

Ventricles

A

In the heart, the two lower chambers, which pump blood into the arteries; in the brain, chambers that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

53
Q

Vasculature

A

All the blood vessels in the body.

54
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest blood vessels in the body; possess thin walls that permit material exchange between blood and tissues.

55
Q

Arteries

A

Large vessel that carry blood away from the heart.

56
Q

Arterioles

A

Small blood vessels that carry blood to the capillaries; walls contain smooth muscle that contracts and reflexes to regulate blood flow.

57
Q

Venules

A

Blood vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the veins.

58
Q

Veins

A

Large blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

59
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cell; functions in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

60
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells; function in immune response.

61
Q

Platlets

A

Cell fragments that play an important role in blood clotting.

62
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid in the blood made up of water and dissolved solutes, including proteins; represents approximately 20% of the total volume of extracellular fluid.

63
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

The portion of the vasculature that encompasses all the blood vessels within the lungs and those connecting the lungs with the heart.

64
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

The portion of the vasculature that encompasses all of the body’s blood vessels, except those belonging to the pulmonary circuit.

65
Q

Aorta

A

A major artery whose branches carry blood to all organs and tissues in the systemic circuit.

66
Q

Venae Cavae

A

One of the two large veins that carry blood into the right atrium.

67
Q

Pulmonary Arteries

A

Arteries that carry blood to the lungs from the heart.

68
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Veins that carry blood to the heart from the lungs.

69
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer membrane surrounding the heart.

70
Q

Myocardium

A

The entire cardiac muscle mass.

71
Q

Endothelium

A

A layer of epithelial cells that line the interior surface of the walls of all blood vessels and the heart.

72
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

One of the valves that separate the atrium and the ventricle on either side of the heart.

73
Q

Bicuspid Valve

A

The AV valve on the left side of the heart, which possesses two cuspid.

74
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart.

75
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

The AV valve on the right side of the heart, which has three cuspid.

76
Q

Semilunar Valve

A

Valves located between the ventricles and arteries on either side of the heart, which prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles are relaxed.

77
Q

Aortic Semilunar Valve

A

A valve located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta.

78
Q

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

A

Valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.

79
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

The ability of the heart to generate signals that trigger its contractions on a periodic basis; the heats ability to generate its own rhythm.

80
Q

Pacemaker Cells

A

Cells that are capable of generating pacemaker potentials; in cardiac or smooth muscle, they are responsible for triggering contractions.

81
Q

Conduction Fibers

A

Specialized muscle cells that rapidly conduct action potentials through the heart.

82
Q

Conduction System

A

A set of specialized heart muscle cells that initiate and conduct action potentials.

83
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

A

A region in the wall of the upper right atrium where pacemaker cells are concentrated; normally determines the heart rate.

84
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

A

Part of the conduction system of the heart located near the tricuspid valve.

85
Q

Intercalated Disks

A

Specialized junction between cardiac muscle cells that contains both desmosomes and gap junctions.

86
Q

Bundle of His

A

Part of the conduction system of the heart located in the interventricular septum.

87
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

An extensive network of conducting fibers that spread through the ventricular myocardium.

88
Q

Pacemaker Potential

A

Spontaneous depolarization in the resting membrane potential.

89
Q

P Wave

A

In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the waveform corresponding to atrial depolarization.

90
Q

QRS Complex

A

In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the waveform representing depolarization of the ventricles.

91
Q

T Wave

A

In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the waveform representing ventricular depolarization.

92
Q

Systole

A

The period of ventricular contraction during a cardiac cycle.

93
Q

Diastole

A

The period of ventricular relaxation during a cardiac cycle.

94
Q

Venous Return

A

Blood flow into the heart.

95
Q

Ventricular Ejection

A

The exit of blood from the ventricles.

96
Q

Diastolic Pressure (DP)

A

The minimum aortic pressure attainted during the cardiac cycle; occurs during diastole.

97
Q

Systolic Pressure (SP)

A

The maximum aortic pressure attained during the cardiac cycle; occurs during systole.

98
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

A

The average aortic pressure occurring during the cardiac cycle.

99
Q

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

A

The volume of blood contained within each ventricle at the end of diastole.

100
Q

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

A

The volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of systole.

101
Q

Stroke Volume (SV)

A

The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single heartbeat.

102
Q

Ejection Fraction (EF)

A

The fraction of end-diastolic volume ejected during a heartbeat.

103
Q

Contractility

A

Capacity of a muscle to generate force.

104
Q

Starling’s Law of the Heart

A

States that when there is a change in the rate at which blood flows into the heart from the veins, the heart automatically adjusts its output to march the inflow.

105
Q

Preload

A

Ventricular end-diastolic pressure.

106
Q

Central Venous Pressure (CVP)

A

The pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity that lead to the heart.

107
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure that the ventricles have to work against as they pump blood.

108
Q

Central Venous Pressure (CVP)

A

The pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity that lead to the heart.

109
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decrease in the radius of a blood vessel

110
Q

Vasodilation

A

Increase in the radius of a blood vessel.

111
Q

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

A

In the systemic circuit, the combined resistance of all the blood vessels.

112
Q

Microcirculation

A

Vasculature that can be seen only with a microscope; includes arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries and venules.

113
Q

Arterial Blood Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by the force of blood acting on the walls of arteries.

114
Q

Arteriolar Tone

A

Partial vasoconstriction of arterioles due to the inherent contractile activity of single-unit smooth muscle in arteriole walls.

115
Q

Active Hyperemia

A

The increase in blood flow occurring in response to an increase in metabolic activity.

116
Q

Reactive Hyperemia

A

A local increase in blood flow that occurs following termination of an occlusion of blood flow to the same area.

117
Q

Myogenic Response

A

The inherent ability of smooth muscle to contract when stretched.

118
Q

Lymphatic System

A

A network of vessels, or ducts, that courses throughout the body and contains lymphatic fluid.

119
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.

120
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

Open-ended vessels of the lymphatic system that absorbs excess filtrate from the cardiovascular system.

121
Q

Lymphatic Veins

A

Ducts through which lymph flows toward the heart.

122
Q

Lymph Node

A

Peripheral lymphoid tissues.

123
Q

Macrophages

A

Phagocytic cells that filter and remove particles in the lymph and body tissues, including bacteria or other foreign matter.

124
Q

Baroreceptor Reflex

A

Negative feedback loop for regulating blood pressure.

EPHE 241 (2 decks)

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