EPHE 241 Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Somatosensory System
A
Branch of the nervous system associated with perception of somatic sensations.
Note: Associated with receptors in the skin and proprioception.
2
Q
Special Senses
A
Senses of vision, olfaction, taste, hearing and equilibrium.
3
Q
Sensory Receptors
A
Specialized neuronal structures that detect a specific form of energy in either the internal or external environment.
4
Q
Modality
A
In the sensory system, the energy form of a stimulus.
5
Q
Law of Specific Nerve Energies
A
States that a given sensory receptor is specific for a particular energy form or stimulus type.
6
Q
Adequate Stimulus
A
The energy form or stimulus type to which a sensory receptor responds best.
7
Q
Tranduction
A
Conversation of the energy form of a stimulus into an electrical signal in the form of changes in membrane potential.
8
Q
Receptor Potential
A
Graded potential caused by the opening or closing of ion channels on sensory receptors, and triggered by sensory stimuli.
9
Q
Tonic (slow adapting) Receptors
A
Receptors that maintain responsiveness to a continuing stimulus.
10
Q
Phasic (rapidly adapting) Receptors
A
Receptors that decrease in responsiveness to a continuing stimulus.
11
Q
Sensory Unit
A
A single afferent neuron and all sensory receptors associated with it.
12
Q
Receptive Field
A
The area over which an adequate stimulus cab produce a response, either excitatory or inhibitory, in an afferent neuron or higher-order neurons.
13
Q
Acuity
A
In sensory systems, a measure of the precision of perception.
14
Q
Lateral Inhibition
A
Process during which a stimulus that strongly excites receptors in a certain location inhibits activity in the afferent pathways of other receptors located nearby.
15
Q
External Auditory Metus
A
Ear canal.
16
Q
Tympanic Membrane
A
Eardrum.
17
Q
Ossicles
A
Three bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the cochlea
Note: includes the malleus, incus and stapes.
18
Q
Oval Window
A
Membrane between the middle and inner ear; transmit sounds waves from the middle to inner ear.
19
Q
Round Window
A
Membrane between the middle and inner ear; dissipates sound waves in the inner ear.
20
Q
Eustachian Tube
A
A canal that connects the middle ear with the pharynx and allows equilibration of air pressure across the eardrum.
21
Q
Cochlea
A
A spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the receptor cells for hearing.
22
Q
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
A
Nerves that contain the afferents for hearing and equilibrium
Note: Cranial nerve 8
23
Q
Vestibular Membrane
A
Membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear that separates the scala vestibuli from the scala media.
24
Q
Basilar Membrane
A
Membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear that separates the scala trympani from the scala media.
25
Scala Tympani
Fluid-filled duct in the cochlea.
| Note: Also called tympanic duct
26
Scala Media
Fluid-filled duct in the cochlea.
| Note: Also called cochlear duct
27
Perilymph
Fluid found in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani of the cochlea in the inner ear.
28
Endolymph
Fluid found in the scala media of the cochlea in the inner ear.
29
Organ of Corti
A sensory organ for sound; located on the top of the basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear
30
Hair Cells
Cells with stereocilia; receptor cells for hearing and equilibrium.
31
Tectorial Membrane
Membrane in the organ of the Corti in which the tips of stereocilia are embedded.
32
Stereocilia
Hairlike projections on the upper surfaces of hair cells in vibrations or acceleration of the head.
33
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
A nucleus of the thalamus that transmits information to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.
34
Auditory Cortex
Portion of the temporal lobe of the brain that processes auditory information.
35
Fight-or-Flight Response
A group of physiological changes coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system the prepares the body to cope with threatening situations.
36
Autonomic Ganglia
Cluster of synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system.
37
Preganglionic Neurons
Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that travel from the CNS to autonomic ganglia, where they communicate with postganglionic neurons.
38
Postganglionic Neurons
Neurons of the autonomic nervous system that travel from autonomic ganglia to the effector organs.
39
Lateral Horn
A region of grey matter of the spinal cord where certain autonomic preganglionic neurons originate.
40
Sympathetic Chains
Structures parallel to the spinal column on either side in which the sympathetic ganglia are linked together in rows.
41
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic ganglion independent of the sympathetic chain.
42
Vagus Nerve
Major parasympathetic nerve that originates in the medulla oblongata and innervate much of the viscera
Note: Cranial Nerve 5
43
Cholinergic
Pertaining to acetylcholine.
44
Adrenergic
Pertaining to epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
45
Alpha Receptors
Class of adrenergic receptors.
46
Beta Receptors
Class of adrenergic receptros.
47
Varicosities
Axon swellings of autonomic postganglion neurons; stores and release neurotransmitters.
48
Visceral Reflexes
Autonomic changes in the functions of organs that occur in response to changing conditions inside the body.
49
Cardiovascular System
Organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels and blood.
50
Blood Vessels
Conduits through which blood flows.
51
Atria
The hearts two upper chambers, which receive blood carried to the heart in veins.
52
Ventricles
In the heart, the two lower chambers, which pump blood into the arteries; in the brain, chambers that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
53
Vasculature
All the blood vessels in the body.
54
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels in the body; possess thin walls that permit material exchange between blood and tissues.
55
Arteries
Large vessel that carry blood away from the heart.
56
Arterioles
Small blood vessels that carry blood to the capillaries; walls contain smooth muscle that contracts and reflexes to regulate blood flow.
57
Venules
Blood vessels that carry blood from the capillaries to the veins.
58
Veins
Large blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.
59
Erythrocytes
Red blood cell; functions in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
60
Leukocytes
White blood cells; function in immune response.
61
Platlets
Cell fragments that play an important role in blood clotting.
62
Plasma
Liquid in the blood made up of water and dissolved solutes, including proteins; represents approximately 20% of the total volume of extracellular fluid.
63
Pulmonary Circuit
The portion of the vasculature that encompasses all the blood vessels within the lungs and those connecting the lungs with the heart.
64
Systemic Circuit
The portion of the vasculature that encompasses all of the body's blood vessels, except those belonging to the pulmonary circuit.
65
Aorta
A major artery whose branches carry blood to all organs and tissues in the systemic circuit.
66
Venae Cavae
One of the two large veins that carry blood into the right atrium.
67
Pulmonary Arteries
Arteries that carry blood to the lungs from the heart.
68
Pulmonary Veins
Veins that carry blood to the heart from the lungs.
69
Epicardium
Outer membrane surrounding the heart.
70
Myocardium
The entire cardiac muscle mass.
71
Endothelium
A layer of epithelial cells that line the interior surface of the walls of all blood vessels and the heart.
72
Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
One of the valves that separate the atrium and the ventricle on either side of the heart.
73
Bicuspid Valve
The AV valve on the left side of the heart, which possesses two cuspid.
74
Mitral Valve
Atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart.
75
Tricuspid Valve
The AV valve on the right side of the heart, which has three cuspid.
76
Semilunar Valve
Valves located between the ventricles and arteries on either side of the heart, which prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles are relaxed.
77
Aortic Semilunar Valve
A valve located between the left ventricle of the heart and the aorta.
78
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Valve located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
79
Autorhythmicity
The ability of the heart to generate signals that trigger its contractions on a periodic basis; the heats ability to generate its own rhythm.
80
Pacemaker Cells
Cells that are capable of generating pacemaker potentials; in cardiac or smooth muscle, they are responsible for triggering contractions.
81
Conduction Fibers
Specialized muscle cells that rapidly conduct action potentials through the heart.
82
Conduction System
A set of specialized heart muscle cells that initiate and conduct action potentials.
83
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
A region in the wall of the upper right atrium where pacemaker cells are concentrated; normally determines the heart rate.
84
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Part of the conduction system of the heart located near the tricuspid valve.
85
Intercalated Disks
Specialized junction between cardiac muscle cells that contains both desmosomes and gap junctions.
86
Bundle of His
Part of the conduction system of the heart located in the interventricular septum.
87
Purkinje Fibers
An extensive network of conducting fibers that spread through the ventricular myocardium.
88
Pacemaker Potential
Spontaneous depolarization in the resting membrane potential.
89
P Wave
In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the waveform corresponding to atrial depolarization.
90
QRS Complex
In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the waveform representing depolarization of the ventricles.
91
T Wave
In an electrocardiogram (ECG), the waveform representing ventricular depolarization.
92
Systole
The period of ventricular contraction during a cardiac cycle.
93
Diastole
The period of ventricular relaxation during a cardiac cycle.
94
Venous Return
Blood flow into the heart.
95
Ventricular Ejection
The exit of blood from the ventricles.
96
Diastolic Pressure (DP)
The minimum aortic pressure attainted during the cardiac cycle; occurs during diastole.
97
Systolic Pressure (SP)
The maximum aortic pressure attained during the cardiac cycle; occurs during systole.
98
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
The average aortic pressure occurring during the cardiac cycle.
99
End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)
The volume of blood contained within each ventricle at the end of diastole.
100
End-Systolic Volume (ESV)
The volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of systole.
101
Stroke Volume (SV)
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single heartbeat.
102
Ejection Fraction (EF)
The fraction of end-diastolic volume ejected during a heartbeat.
103
Contractility
Capacity of a muscle to generate force.
104
Starling's Law of the Heart
States that when there is a change in the rate at which blood flows into the heart from the veins, the heart automatically adjusts its output to march the inflow.
105
Preload
Ventricular end-diastolic pressure.
106
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
The pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity that lead to the heart.
107
Afterload
The pressure that the ventricles have to work against as they pump blood.
108
Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
The pressure in the large veins in the thoracic cavity that lead to the heart.
109
Vasoconstriction
Decrease in the radius of a blood vessel
110
Vasodilation
Increase in the radius of a blood vessel.
111
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
In the systemic circuit, the combined resistance of all the blood vessels.
112
Microcirculation
Vasculature that can be seen only with a microscope; includes arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries and venules.
113
Arterial Blood Pressure
Pressure exerted by the force of blood acting on the walls of arteries.
114
Arteriolar Tone
Partial vasoconstriction of arterioles due to the inherent contractile activity of single-unit smooth muscle in arteriole walls.
115
Active Hyperemia
The increase in blood flow occurring in response to an increase in metabolic activity.
116
Reactive Hyperemia
A local increase in blood flow that occurs following termination of an occlusion of blood flow to the same area.
117
Myogenic Response
The inherent ability of smooth muscle to contract when stretched.
118
Lymphatic System
A network of vessels, or ducts, that courses throughout the body and contains lymphatic fluid.
119
Lymph
Fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.
120
Lymphatic Capillaries
Open-ended vessels of the lymphatic system that absorbs excess filtrate from the cardiovascular system.
121
Lymphatic Veins
Ducts through which lymph flows toward the heart.
122
Lymph Node
Peripheral lymphoid tissues.
123
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that filter and remove particles in the lymph and body tissues, including bacteria or other foreign matter.
124
Baroreceptor Reflex
Negative feedback loop for regulating blood pressure.
