Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > EOY Exam flashcards > Flashcards

EOY Exam flashcards

1
Q

atom

A

the smallest unit of matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

element

A

a substance made of only 1 type of atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

molecule

A

a substance made of two or more atoms joined together by a bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

compound

A

a substance made of at least two different types of atom chemically bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

mixture

A

two or more substances that are mixed together but are not joined by bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chemical symbol

A

the letters on the periodic table that give the name of each element, every element has its own chemical symbol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chemical formula

A

the collection of chemical symbols that show how many of each element are present in a molecule or compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nucleus

A

the centre part of an atom that contains the protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

proton

A

sub-atomic particle that makes up the nucleus of an atom, has a mass of 1 and a charge of +1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

neutron

A

sub-atomic particle that makes up the nucleus of an atom, has a mass of 1 and a charge of 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

electron

A

sub-atomic particle found orbiting the nucleus in an electron shell, has a mass of almost 0 and a charge of -1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained electrons to become charged, lost electrons leave a positive ion, gained electrons leave a negative ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

conservation of mass

A

a rule that says you must have the same amount of atoms at the end of a chemical reaction as you started with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chemical equation

A

a way of showing what happens in a chemical reaction using the chemical symbols and formulae of the substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

balanced equation

A

a chemical equation written so that there are the same number of each type of atom on each side of the equation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

atomic number

A

the smaller number next to the chemical symbol that identifies an element and gives the number of protons and electrons in that atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

mass number

A

the larger number next to the chemical symbol of an element that measures the mass of the atom (Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

electronic structure

A

a diagram showing how the electrons are arranged in the electron shells (the 1st shell can have a maximum of 2 electrons, the others can hold up to 8 electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

electron shell

A

one of the regions outside of the nucleus where electrons can be found

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

filtration

A

a technique used to separate an insoluble substance from a solvent (one that does not dissolve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

crystallisation

A

a technique used to separate a soluble solid (or salt) from a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

distillation

A

a technique used to obtain the solvent (or liquid) from a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fractional distillation

A

a technique used to separate two miscible liquids (ones that do mix together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

chromatography

A

a technique commonly used to separate a mixture of dyes in ink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

J.J. Thomson

A

the scientist who discovered the electron and proposed the plum pudding model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

plum pudding model

A

a model of the atom that proposed the nucleus was a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it (we now know this is incorrect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rutherford’s experiment

A

the experiment that proved the nucleus must be positively charged (as alpha particles were scattered/deflected by a piece of gold foil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Niels Bohr

A

the scientist who proposed that electrons are found in shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

James Chadwick

A

the man who proposed the existence of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

isotope

A

atoms of the same elements with the same atomic number but different mass numbers (different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

periodic table

A

the way in which the elements are organized and classified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

John Dalton

A

the scientist who proposed one of the first periodic tables, he organized the elements in order of atomic weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

John Newlands

A

the scientist who built on the ideas of Dalton and arranged elements into sets of eight (as he found that each eighth element had similar properties)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Dmitri Mendeleev

A

the Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table we use today- he left gaps for undiscovered elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

atomic number

A

elements on the periodic table are placed in order of this number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

group

A

a column going down in the periodic table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

period

A

a row going across in the periodic table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

metals

A

the elements found to the left of the periodic table, they are electrical conductors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

non-metals

A

the elements found in the top right-hand corner of the periodic table, they are electrical insulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

noble gases

A

group 0 of the periodic table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

alkali metals

A

group 1 of the periodic table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the halogens

A

group 7 of the periodic table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

transition metals

A

the middle block of metals in the periodic table, containing elements such as: copper, gold and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

full electron shell

A

the reasons the noble gases are so unreactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

group numbe

A

the number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

A

the two products formed when an alkali metal reacts with water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

reaction of lithium with water

A

floats, fizzes steadily until it disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

reaction of sodium with water

A

melts to form a ball, fizzes rapidly and may form an orange flame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

reaction of potassium with water

A

fizzes rapidly, sets on fire with a purple flame and a ‘pop’ is sometimes heard at the end of the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the reactivity of the alkali metals…

A

increases as you go down the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

alkali metals increase in reactivity as you go down the group because…

A

as the elements get larger the outer electron becomes further away an easier to remove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

displacement reaction

A

a reaction in which a more reactive halogen takes the place of a less reactive halogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the reactivity of the halogens…

A

decreases as you go down the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

halogens decrease in reactivity as you go down the group because…

A

the nucleus is shielded more effectively as you go down the group, so it’s ability to attract an electron gets weaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

three states of matter

A

solid, liquid and gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

solid

A

arrangement of particles with a fixed shape and volume, they cannot be compressed at an atomic structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

liquid

A

arrangement of particles with a fixed volume but they can flow and change shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

gas

A

arrangement of particles with no fixed shape or volume, they can be compressed easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

particle theory

A

the theory that is based on the fact that substances are made of tiny particles and describes their movement and the distances between particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

melting point

A

the temperature at which a solid turns to a liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

boiling point

A

the temperature at which a liquid turns to a gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

compound

A

a substance made of two or more elements chemically bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

covalent bonding

A

bonding between non-metals only, in which electrons are shared

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

ionic bonding

A

bonding between metals and non-metals, in which electrons are transferred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

positive ion

A

an atom that loses one or more electrons and gains a positive charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

negative ion

A

an atom that gains one or more electrons and gains a negative charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

electrostatic attraction

A

the strong force that holds ions together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

giant lattice

A

the arrangement of ions in ionic bonding results in this structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

NaCl

A

sodium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

MgCl₂

A

magnesium chloride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Ca(OH)₂

A

calcium hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

simple molecules

A

small molecules in which atoms are held together by covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

giant covalent structures

A

giant structures where atoms are held together by an array of covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

polymers

A

very long molecules made of the same small molecule joined together to make a large molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

intermolecular forces

A

weak forces between covalently bonded molecules that must be broken when simple substances melt or boil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

diamond

A

an allotrope of carbon in which all of the carbon atoms are bonded to 4 others resulting in an extremely strong structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

silicon dioxide

A

a giant covalent structure very similar to diamond but made from silicon and oxygen instead of carbon

78
Q

graphite

A

an allotrope of carbon that has hexagonal sheets of carbon with weak attractive forces between the layers

79
Q

fullerenes

A

an allotrope of carbon in which the carbon form cage like structures

80
Q

delocalised electrons

A

electrons not linked with a particular ion that are free to move through a structure

81
Q

graphene

A

a single sheet of carbon atoms (like one layer of graphite)

82
Q

crystals

A

metal atoms build up layer upon layer to form these structures

83
Q

alloys

A

a mixture of metals, typically much harder than metal atoms alone

84
Q

ore

A

a rock from which it is economical to extract the metal it contains

85
Q

oxidation

A

addition of oxygen to a substance

86
Q

reduction

A

removal of oxygen from a substance

87
Q

reactivity series

A

the list of metals by how reactive they are

88
Q

hydrogen

A

the gas given off when a metal reacts with acid

89
Q

metal + acid →

A

salt + hydrogen

90
Q

displacement reaction

A

a reaction in which a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from it’s salt

91
Q

carbon

A

the element that can be used to extract a metal from its ore as long as it is less reactive that it (such as copper)

92
Q

OILRIG

A

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain (of electrons)

93
Q

metal oxide + carbon →

A

metal + carbon dioxide

94
Q

electrolysis

A

the method of an extracting a metal more reactive than carbon by using electricity

95
Q

salt

A

a compound formed when the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal ions

96
Q

chloride

A

the salt formed using hydrochloric acid

97
Q

sulfate

A

the salt formed using sulfuric acid

98
Q

nitrate

A

the salt formed using nitric acid

99
Q

acid + base →

A

salt + water

100
Q

neutralization

A

the reaction between an acid and base

101
Q

acid + alkali →

A

salt + water

102
Q

acid + carbonate →

A

salt + water + carbon dioxide

103
Q

alkali

A

a soluble hydroxide (one that dissolves in water)

104
Q

base

A

substances that can neutralize acids

105
Q

acid

A

substances that can neutralize bases

106
Q

neutral

A

a substance that is neither acid or alkaline

107
Q

pH scale

A

the scale used to measure how acidic or alkaline a solution is

108
Q

indicator

A

a substance that changes colour in acid and alkali

109
Q

H⁺

A

the ion found in acids

110
Q

OH⁻

A

the ion found in alkalis

111
Q

soluble salt

A

a salt that does dissolve in water

112
Q

insoluble salt

A

a salt that does not dissolve in water

113
Q

sulfuric acid + copper oxide →

A

water + copper sulfate

114
Q

hydrochloric acid + magnesium →

A

hydrogen + magnesium chloride

115
Q

hydrochloric acid + iron oxide →

A

water + iron chloride

116
Q

red

A

the colour of universal indicator in acid

117
Q

blue/purple

A

the colour of universal indicator in alkali

118
Q

green

A

the colour of universal indicator in neutral solutions

119
Q

aqueous solution

A

a solution formed when a substance dissolves in water

120
Q

electrolysis

A

the process by which an ionic substance is broken down using electricity

121
Q

electrolyte

A

the substance being broken down by electrolysis (solution or molten)

122
Q

electrode

A

the conducting rods used in electrolysis

123
Q

anode

A

the positively charged electrode

124
Q

cathode

A

the negatively charged electrode

125
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

126
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

127
Q

molten or in solution

A

the state an ionic compound must be in for it to undergo electrolysis

128
Q

OILRIG

A

oxidation is loss, reduction is gain

129
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electron

130
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

131
Q

positive ions are attracted to

A

the negative electrode (the cathode)

132
Q

negative ions are attracted to

A

the positive electrode (the anode)

133
Q

cryolite

A

the substance added to aluminium oxide to lower its melting point

134
Q

exothermic reaction

A

a reaction in which energy is released to the surroundings

135
Q

endothermic reaction

A

a reaction in which energy is taken in from the surroundings

136
Q

combustion, neutralization and oxidation

A

examples of exothermic reactions

137
Q

thermal decomposition and electrolysis

A

examples of endothermic reactions

138
Q

reaction profile

A

a diagram showing the energies of the reactants and products of a reaction

139
Q

exothermic reaction profile

A

reactants- energy is released- products at lower energy level

140
Q

endothermic reaction profile

A

reactants- energy is taken in- products at higher energy level

141
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to take place

142
Q

rate of reaction

A

how fast the reactants turn into the products

143
Q

mean rate of reaction =

A

amount of product formed ÷ time

144
Q

collision theory

A

particles must have enough energy to collide and collide in the correct orientation for a reaction to happen

145
Q

activation energy

A

the smallest amount of energy particles must have before they react

146
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being chemically changed

147
Q

exothermic reaction

A

a reaction that transfers energy from the reactants to the surroundings (gives off heat)

148
Q

endothermic reaction

A

a reaction that transfers energy from the surroundings to the reactants (there is a drop in temperature)

149
Q

reversible reaction

A

a reaction in which the reactants make the products and the products make the reactants

150
Q

temperature

A

increasing the temperature increases the reaction rate

151
Q

surface area

A

increasing the surface area leads to more successful collisions and increases the rate

152
Q

concentration

A

increasing concentration means that particles are closer together and there are more collisions increasing the rate of reaction

153
Q

pressure

A

increasing pressure means that particles are closer together and there are more collisions increasing the rate of reaction

154
Q

temperature, concentration, pressure, surface area

A

the four factors which affect the rate of a reaction

155
Q

catalysts work by…

A

lowering the activation energy of a reaction

156
Q

equilibrium

A

a reversible reaction in which the rate of the forward and backward reactions is the same

157
Q

if a reversible reaction is endothermic in one direction…

A

it is exothermic in the opposite direction

158
Q

hydrated copper sulfate

A

blue (contains water)

159
Q

anhydrous copper sulfate

A

grey/white powder (without water)

160
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Any compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms

161
Q

Alkanes

A

Simple type of hydrocarbon. Have C-C single bond. Saturated compounds from the homologous series

162
Q

Alkanes Formula

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

163
Q

Complete Combustion Equation

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen > Carbon dioxide + Water

164
Q

Hydrocarbon Properties

A

Shorter length - more runny, more volatile, more flammable, lower boiling points

165
Q

Uses Of Hydrocarbons

A

~C3 = liquid petroleum gas
~C8 = petrol
~C15 = kerosene
~C20 = diesel oil
~C40 = heavy fuel oil

166
Q

Fractional Distillation

A

The process of separating different sized hydrocarbons from crude oil

167
Q

Crude Oil

A

A fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals, mainly plankton, that died millions of years ago and were buried in the mud at the bottom of the ocean

168
Q

Fractional Distillation Process

A

1) Oil heated until it mostly turns to gas - enters fractional distillation column
2) Longer hydrocarbons liquidise early and drain out near the bottom
3) Shorter hydrocarbons liquidise later and drain our nearer the top
4) You end up with differently purposed hydrocarbons separated out

169
Q

Bitumen

A

Extremely long-chained hydrocarbon used in road tarmac

170
Q

Uses Of Crude Oil

A

Fuel for most modes of transport, petrochemical industry

171
Q

Cracking

A

The splitting up of long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter chains

172
Q

Process Of Cracking

A

1) Heat long-chained hydrocarbons to vapourise them
2) Pass vapour over a hot aluminium oxide catalyst (~550 ºC)
3) Molecules are split apart on the surface - catalytic cracking
or
4) Mix with steam and heat to a very high temperature - steam cracking (~800 ºC and no catalyst)

173
Q

Alkenes

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with a carbon double bond

174
Q

Formula For Alkenes

A

C(n)H(2n

175
Q

Alkenes Equation

A

Alkene + Oxygen => Carbon or Carbon Dioxide or Carbon Monoxide + Water (depending on how much oxygen is available, different amounts of carbon compounds will be made)

176
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Reaction of an alkene and hydrogen

177
Q

Alkene + Steam (water)

A

Forms an alcohol

178
Q

Bromine + Ethene

A

Forms dibromoethene

179
Q

Alcohols

A

1) -OH functional group
2) Names end in -ol

180
Q

Uses Of Alcohols

A

Solvents and fuels

181
Q

Fermentation Equation

A

Sugar => Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

182
Q

Carboxylic Acids

A

1) -COOH functional group
2) React with carbonates to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide

183
Q

Esters Equation

A

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid > Ester + Water

184
Q

Esters

A

1) -COO- functional group
2) Acid Catalyst needed in a reaction to form them

185
Q

Types Of Polymerisation

A

Addition and condensation

186
Q

Addition Polymerisation

A

1) One monomer type
2) Only forms one product
3) Carbon-Carbon double bond in monomer (C=C)

187
Q

Condensation Polymerisation

A

1) Two monomer types with two of the same functional group OR one monomer type with two different functional groups
2) Two products - polymer + small molecule
3) Two functional groups on each monomer

188
Q

Amino Acid Groups

A

Amino group and carboxyl group

189
Q

DNA Molecules

A

1) Found in every living thing
2) Contains genetic instructions
3) Double Helix structure
4) Made of Polymer chains ‘nucleotides’

190
Q

Simple Sugars

A

Small molecules containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Can react together to form larger carbohydrate polymers such as starch

Chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions