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Science - EOY Exam Revision > EOY Exam Essential Vocab Revision - Biology > Flashcards

EOY Exam Essential Vocab Revision - Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cells

A

The smallest unit of lifeforms, building blocks of living things.

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2
Q

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

A

A substance found in all living organisms that contains genetic information.

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Spherical structure inside a cell that contains DNA and acts as the control centre for the cell.

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4
Q

Gene

A

A specific segment of a DNA molecule. The base sequence of this gene for a specific protein product determines a specific characteristic of an organism

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5
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes that are located on the same chromosome are described as linked genes

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread like miniscule structures inside the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA.

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7
Q

Centromere

A

The approximate central location of a chromosome, also the point where sister chromatids link together.

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8
Q

Chromatid

A

One identical replicated half of a duplicated chromosome, referred to as sister chromatids when talking about both chromatids.

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9
Q

Autosomes

A

Non-sex chromosomes

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10
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism. X and Y are the two different types of sex chromosomes

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11
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Body cells excluding sex cells

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12
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells (sperm, ova)

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13
Q

Gonads

A

Sex organs, where sex cells are produced and where meiosis occurs

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14
Q

Homologous

A

Refers to chromosomes that are matching pairs as they are similar in shape and size. Non-matching pairs of chromosomes are referred to as Non-homologous.

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15
Q

Karyotype

A

An x-ray like image of chromosomes that orders chromosomes based on their size.

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16
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

Where one less or one extra chromosome is duplicated.

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division that occurs in somatic cells when your body is going through growth, repairment or replacement. Mitosis results in the identical replication of it’s original cell with the same amount of chromosomes.

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division that occurs to produce gametes (ova (females reproductive cell) or sperm (male reproductive cell)). Meiosis results in the creation of 4 daughter cells, all unidentical to the original parent cell leading to genetic variety. Meiosis also results in the amount of chromosomes (46) being halved (23).

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19
Q

Parent Cell

A

The original cell that carries out the process of cell division.

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20
Q

Daughter Cell(s)

A

The cell that is produced after the parent cell goes through cell division.

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21
Q

Haploid

A

When a cell possesses one copy of each chromosome. Odd number of chromosomes.

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22
Q

Fertilisation

A

When the ovum is penetrated by sperm.

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23
Q

Zygote

A

When your mother’s 23 chromosomes are combined with your father’s 23 chromosomes to create a total of 46 chromosomes.

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24
Q

Nucleotides

A

DNA building blocks consisting of a phosphate part, sugar group and a nitrogen-containing base.

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25
Q

Sugar Group

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar found in nucleotides that make up DNA. Often drawn as a pentagon.

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26
Q

Phosphate Group

A

The phosphate group is found in nucleotides that make up DNA. Often drawn as a circle.

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27
Q

Base

Nitrogenous Base

A

A component found in nucleotides that make up DNA. Often drawn as rectangles There are four types of Bases, Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C).

28
Q

Complementary Base Pairs

A

Refers to the pairs of bases that match up, for example A and T are complementary base pairs and C and G are complementary base pairs

29
Q

Double Helix

A

The shape used to describe DNA. Helix refers to a curving-spiral like shape.

30
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes present in a cell or organism.

31
Q

Diploid Number

A

The number of chromosomes in somatic cells. Diploid refers to when there are 2 copies of each chromosome in a cell, so a diploid number is the number of 2 copies of chromosomes in a cell. Diploid number is identified as 2n. Even number.

32
Q

Haploid Number

A

The number of chromosomes in a gamete. Haploid refers to when there is only 1 copy of each chromosome in a cell, so a haploid number is the number of chromosomes that are singular in a cell. Haploid number is identified as n. Odd Number.

33
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics that are developed in an individual which are influenced by environment and genotype. These characteristics can be seen or are displayed.

34
Q

Genotype

A

The set of genes carried by and individual which are inherited from an individual’s parents.

35
Q

Homozygous Alleles

A

Both chromosomes in the pair carry the same version of the gene.

36
Q

Heterozygous Alleles

A

Both chromosomes in the pair carry a different version of the gene.

37
Q

I+PMAT

A

Interphase + Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

38
Q

Number of chromosomes in humans

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

39
Q

Number of chromosomes in sex cells

A

23 chromosomes

40
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Extra 21st chromosome caused by mutation

41
Q

Hydrogen Bonding

A

Found between the two strands of DNA that connects the “rungs of the ladder”

42
Q

Complete Dominance

A

The dominant allele entirely masks the recessive allele and 1 trait is shown

43
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Both Traits are combined before a fusion is expressed. Example is curly hair and straight hair resulting in wavy hair.

44
Q

Co-dominance

A

When two traits are each distinctively expressed. Such as a balck cow and white cow giving birth to a black and white cow.

45
Q

Polymer and Monomers in DNA

A

A nucleotide is a monomer (a building block) and the DNA is a polymer chain (multiple monomers connected)

46
Q

Reading DNA Code

A

DNA code is read in three bases at a time

47
Q

Sexual Reproduction and cell division

A

Organisms that sexually reproduce undergo meiosis.

48
Q

Interphase

A

The phase the cell spends the most time doing. During interphase, DNA is not coiled up into chromosomes but rather free floating and not visible. During interphase, cell duplicates DNA and organelles.

49
Q

Organelles

A

Components found inside a cell (example: cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, etc)

50
Q

Prophase

Both in Meiosis and Mitosis

A

Chromosomes become visible and thicken up as they condense

51
Q

Metaphase - Mitosis

A

Chromosomes line up in a single file line in the middle (m for middle)

52
Q

Metaphase - Meiosis Stage I and II

A

Stage I = Chromosomes line up in a paired line in the midle
Stage II = Chromosomes line up in a single-file line in the middle

53
Q

Anaphase - Mitosis

A

Chromatids are oulled away to opposite sides of the cell by spindles

54
Q

Anaphase - Meiosis Stage I & II

A

Stage I = Chromosomes are pulled away to opposite sides of the cell
Stage II = Chromatids are pulled away to the opposite sides of the cell

55
Q

Telophase

Both Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Nucleuses start to form around the divided cell

56
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Occurs when the cells split apart. Cytoplasm splits away.
End of Mitosis results in 2 identical daughter cells
End of Meiosis results in 4 unidentical daughter cells and will have half the number of chromosomes

57
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Anaphase doesn’t occur smoothly, chromosomes/chromatids don’t split properly and genetic mutation occurs

58
Q

Dominant vs Recessive Gene

A

Dominant Genes (often written as capital lettrs) mask recessive genes, leading to the dominat trait being expressed. Recessive genes (often written as lowercase letters) get masked by dominant genese and can only be expressed if both genes are recessive. Recessive traits can skip generations.

59
Q

Pedigree Charts

A

Display patterns of inheritance

60
Q

Sufferer

A

When a person/organsim displays the certain recessive traits

61
Q

Carrier

A

When a person carriers a recessive diseased/specific trait, but doesn’t display it as it is masked by a dominat trait

62
Q

Purebred

A

Homozygous genotype. Can be homozygous dominant (both dominant alleles) or homozygous recessive (both recessive alleles)

63
Q

Inheritance

A

Genetic Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

64
Q

Heterozygous genotype

A

Carrying a different set of alleles (one dominant, one recessive)

65
Q

Selective Breeding

A

When the parents of an offsring are purposefully chosen to ensure the offspring carries a desired trait. Such as purposefully breeding red and white flowers to get a pink flower.

Science - EOY Exam Revision (6 decks)

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