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Biochemistry > Enzymology > Flashcards

Enzymology Flashcards

1
Q

injected enzymes

A

streptokinase, urokinase

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2
Q

viral diseases (herpes, AIDS) treated by

A

azidothymidine

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3
Q

treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

glutaminase

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4
Q

functional plasma enzymes

A

lipoprotein lipase, pseudocholinesterase

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5
Q

sources of non-functional plasma enzymes

A
  1. cell damage (MI, viral hepatitis)
  2. Obstruction of normal pathways (obstruction of bile duct)
  3. increase of enzyme synthesis (bilirubin increases rate of ALP synthesis in obstructive liver disease)
  4. increased permeability of cell membrane as in hypoxia
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6
Q

causes of increase serum level of enzymes

A
  • increased cell turnover
  • cellular proliferation (neoplasia)
  • increased enzyme synthesis (enzyme induction )
  • obstruction to secretion
  • decreased clearance
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7
Q

AST is also called

A

glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase

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8
Q

AST is significantly elevated in

A

MI

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9
Q

AST is moderately elevated in

A

liver diseases

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10
Q

ALT is also called

A

glutamate-pyruvate transaminase

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11
Q

ALT normal serum level

A

5-30 U/L

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12
Q

moderate increase of ALT

A

chronic liver disease (cirrhosis and malignancy)

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13
Q

AST normal serum level

A

8-40 U/L

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14
Q

very high values of ALT in

A

acute hepatitis

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15
Q

AST is higher than ALT in

A

Acute Alcoholic hepatitis

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16
Q

ALP present in

A

Liver, bone, intestines, kidneys and white blood cells

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17
Q

ALP normal serum level

A

40-125 U/L

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18
Q

ALP increases in

A

Cholestatic liver disease

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19
Q

Placental ALP elevates in

A

Malignancies ( ovarian, lung, gastrointestinal cancers, hodgkin’s disease )

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20
Q

Gamma-glutamyltransferase present in

A

Liver, also in intestines, kidneys, pancreas and prostate

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21
Q

GGT normal serum level

A

6-45 U/L

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22
Q

Nucleotide phosphatase also called

A

5’nucleotidase

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23
Q

NTP is a marker enzyme for

A

Plasma membrane

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24
Q

Normal NTP level

A

2-10U/L

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25
Q

NTP moderately increased in

A

Hepatitis

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26
Q

NTP is highly elevated in

A

Biliary obstruction

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27
Q

Silent MI occur in

A

Patients with DM

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28
Q

Biomarker released from damaged tissue within 1 hr

A

Myoglobin

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29
Q

Biomarker with high sensitivity but low specificity

A

Myoglobin

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30
Q

Time for myoglobin to rise is

A

1-4 hrs, peak time 6-12 hrs, return to normal in 24hrs

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31
Q

Why myoglobin has not been used by most hospitals

A

Due to its poor clinical specifity

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32
Q

Contractile protein not enzyme

A

Troponin

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33
Q

Found in cardiac and skeletal muscle, elevated during kidney and skeletal muscle damage

A

Troponin T

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34
Q

Troponin T early rise after

A

3-4hrs

Peak is 24hrs

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35
Q

Found only in cardiac muscle

A

Troponin I

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36
Q

More specific

A

Troponin I

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37
Q

Troponin I rises

A

4-6hrs
Peak is at 18hrs
Returns to normal level in 14days

38
Q

Can’t be used to detect re-infarction

A

Troponin I

39
Q

Can detect smaller infarction than other biomarkers can do (very sensitive)

A

Troponin

40
Q

Enzyme catalyses the conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine

A

Creatine kinase

41
Q

High specificity for cardiac tissue ( rise 4-6hrs)

A

CK

42
Q

Peaks at about 12 hrs returns to baseline at 24-48 hrs

A

CK

43
Q

Normal level of CK

A

15-100U/L for males

10-80 U/L for females

44
Q

………. catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

45
Q

normal level of LDH

A

55-140IU/L

46
Q

if LDH1 is greater than LDH2, then the person is

A

positive for MI

47
Q

LDH levels are high in

A 
tissue breakdown 
hemolysis
cancer
meningitis 
encephalitis 
HIV
48
Q

An enzyme that has only limited diagnostic value because of its nonspecific nature

A

LDH

49
Q 
its elevation (8-12)hrs after infarction 
peak levels (24-48)hrs after MI
A

AST

50
Q

enzyme not indicative of MI, can cause a rise in the levels (as in trauma to the skeletal muscle, liver disease)

A

AST

51
Q

catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into maltose

A

amylase

52
Q

first enzyme to be discovered

A

amylase

53
Q

normal level of amylase

A

140U/L

54
Q

amylase is made in

A

pancreas and salivary gland

55
Q

clinical significances of amylase

A

to diagnose pancreatitis

56
Q

transient increase in activity of amylase with (2-12hrs)

A

acute pancreatitis

57
Q

serum amylase may be raised in

A

bile duct obstruction & peptic ulcer

58
Q

salivary gland diseases > raising the level of

A

amylase

59
Q

hydrolytic enzyme, made by pancreatic acinar cells

A

lipase

60
Q

digests fats into glycerol and fatty acids

A

lipase

61
Q

lipase is made by

A

pancreatic acinar cells

62
Q

normal lipase level

A

0-160U/L

63
Q

amylase or lipase levels at least 3 times above the reference range are considered diagnostic of

A

acute pancreatitis

64
Q

pancreatic lipase used to diagnose

A

Crohn’s disease, Cystic fibrosis, celiac disease

65
Q

aldolase A predominates in

A

muscle

66
Q

aldolase B predominates in

A

liver

67
Q

aldolase C predominates in

A

brain

68
Q

Aldolase A expression is repressed in

A

Adult liver

kidney and intestine

69
Q

found in actin-containing filament of cytoskeleton, regulates cell contraction through its reversible binding to these filaments

A

Aldolase A enzyme

70
Q

aldolase A (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)

A

catalyzes the conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate & dihydroxyacetone phosphate

71
Q

aldolase A deficiency associated with

A

hemolytic anemia, myopathy

72
Q

highest level of acid phosphatase found in

A

prostate cancer

73
Q

moderate increase in PAP

A

diseases of bone ( Paget’s disease, osteoporosis) hyperparathyroidism, diseases of blood cells “sickle-cell disease or multiple myeloma”
lysosomal storage diseases (Gaucher’s disease)

74
Q

more specific for screening or for detection early cancer

A

PSA

75
Q

PSA is found in 2 forms in circulation

A

majority> complexed &some proteins

minor > free

76
Q

enzymes used in chemotherapy

A

methotrexate (blocks the action of dihydrofolate reductase)

77
Q

enzymes used in antibiotics

A

penicillin & vancomycin

78
Q

enzymes used in pesticides

A

ACH E inhibitors

79
Q

ACH E inhibitor is used in agriculture in the form of

A

organophosphate pesticides

80
Q

An example of a toxic peptide (natural poisons) is

A

alpha-amanitin (death cap mushroom)

81
Q

a potent enzyme inhibitor, preventing RNA polymerase II enzyme from transcribing DNA

A

alpha-amanitin

82
Q

abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates

A

diabetes mellitus

83
Q

abnormal metabolism of fats

A

tay sachs, niemann-pick diseases

84
Q

abnormal metabolism of amino acids

A

alkaptonuria or albinism

85
Q

(autosomal recessive rare disorder) affect the body ability to breakdown galactose (in milk) to glucose

A

galactosemia

86
Q

galactose can cause damage to the

A

brain, kidney , liver and eyes

87
Q

enzymes of the galactose metabolism

A

galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase and UDP-galactose 4-epimerase

88
Q

function of G6PD

A

regenerates NADPH allowing regeneration of glutathione

89
Q

glutathione function

A

protects against oxidative stress

90
Q

lack of G6PD leads to

A

hemolysis

91
Q

X-linked recessive disorder results in

A

defective glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme > non-immune hemolytic anemia

92
Q

G6PD complications include

A

anemia & newborn jaundice q3

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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