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Semester One Biology > Enzymes, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Enzymes, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed to start that reaction.

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1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are organic biological substance (proteins) that act as catalysts and help speed up the occurrence of complex chemical reactions.

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2
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Enzymes reduce this energy so that the reaction can take place at a faster rate.

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3
Q

What is the lock an key theory and what does it state?

A

The lock and key theory is that an enzyme and a substrate fit together like a lock and a key.

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4
Q

What is the first step in the process of an enzyme working?

A

An enzyme and a substrate are in the area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on.

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5
Q

What is the second step in the process of an enzyme working?

A

The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with the active site. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is the key hole for the lock.

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6
Q

What is the third step in the process of an enzyme working?

A

A process called catalysis when the substrate is changed, occurs. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new.

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7
Q

What is the forth step in the process of an enzyme working?

A

The enzyme lets go. When it lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same. The substrate is the product.

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8
Q

What are the factors that affect enzymes?

A

Temperature
pH Levels
Activators
Inhibitors

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9
Q

What affect does temperature have on enzyme?

A

Changes the shape of an enzyme because it changes the structure of the proteins.
Too high temperature- denatured
Too low temperature- inactive
Messes up the process of chemical reactions therefore the enzymes won’t work.

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10
Q

What affect do pH levels have on enzyme?

A

Changes the shape of an enzyme because it changes the structure of the proteins.
Too acidic or too basic-denatured

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11
Q

What affect do activators have on enzyme?

A

Makes the enzymes work harder and faster.
Food may act as an activator.
Helps the enzyme bind to a substrate.

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12
Q

What affect do inhibitors have on enzyme?

A

Either slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme.
Can be a COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR and block the active site by binding to the enzyme therefore not allowing the substrate to bind to it. OR
It can be an ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR and bond to another spot causing the shape to change.
Cyanide is an example.

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13
Q

Product

A

Substance formed from the substrate at the end of a chemical reaction with an enzyme.

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14
Q

What is an active site?

A

Regions on the surface of enzymes that fit the substrate.

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15
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Substance that enzymes act upon.

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16
Q

What are examples of types of enzymes?

A

Amalase, ATPase, Protease, Catalase

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17
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

An organic molecule required by an enzyme for its proper function.

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18
Q

Denatured

A

An enzyme becomes overheated and changes shape. The change in protein structure is irreversible and the enzyme will not work anymore.

19
Q

Inactive

A

Enzymes that are too cold. Don’t have a change in their shape and can therefore be fixed by being warmed up.

20
Q

What is optimum range?

A

The conditions/range of pH and temperature at which the enzymes work best.

21
Q

What is optimum temperature?

A

Is the temperature at which the enzymes have the ultimate effect of the rate of reaction. It often reflects the body temperature of the organism.

22
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Catabolic reactions are the breakdown of organic molecules for energy.

23
Q

What is a metabolic reaction?

A

A metabolic reaction is one of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments.

24
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy.

Anabolic reactions build new molecules and/or store energy.

25
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism is known as metabolism.

26
Q

What is the balanced equation of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O—-> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

—-> sunlight and chlorophyll

Occurs in chloroplasts.

27
Q

What is the balanced equation of cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen—-> carbon dioxide + water + 36-38 ATP
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP

Occurs in mitochondria.
Where 36 of the 38 ATPs (energy molecules) from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondria.

28
Q

What is ATP? What is it’s function?

A

Adenosine TriPhosphate.
Used by all cells.
Organic molecule containing high-energy phosphate bonds.
Energy.

29
Q

How do we get energy from ATP?

A

By breaking the high-energy bonds between the last two phosphates that make up ATP to make ADP.

30
Q

How does this break of bonds happen?

A

An enzyme called ATPase.

31
Q

How is ATP resynthesised?

A

The phosphate from the PC joins onto the end of the ADP to make ATP again and the inorganic phosphate joins onto the split C to create PC. Through an enzyme called ATP Synthetase.

32
Q

When is ATP made in the body?

A

During a process called cellular respiration, that takes place in both plants and animals.

33
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is a metabolic pathway that breaks down carbohydrates.
Process is Exergonic as high energy glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O.
Process is also Catabolic because larger glucose breaks into smaller molecules.

34
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain

35
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

It actually takes place in two parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain take place in the mitochondria

36
Q

Mitochondria

A 
Powerhouse of the cell. Provides energy for the cell.
Smooth outer membrane
Folded inner membrane
Folds are called Cristae
Space inside cristae called the Matrix
38
Q

If there is no oxygen to go onto the Krebs Cycle what will happen?

A

The process will stop here and in plants is known as fermentation and produces alcohol. In animals lactic acid is produced.

39
Q

Krebs Cycle

A 
Takes place in the mitochondria
Requires oxygen-aerobic
Gives off CO2 and produces 2 ATPs 
6O2
6CO2
ATP
40
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A 
Occurs in the mitochondrial membrane
H2O is produced
Up to 34 ATP is produced
6H2O
ATP
41
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

A

This energy (ATP) is made by breaking down C6H12O6 from photosynthesis to ATP in cellular respiration.

42
Q

Lactic acid

A

MFN

43
Q

Carbohydrates

A

One sugar unit= monosaccharides= glucose and maltose and fructose
Two sugar units= disaccharides= sucrose and lactose
Three sugar units= polysaccharides= starch, glycogen, cellulose

44
Q

Role of carbohydrates

A
  1. Energy source (ATP)
  2. Storage for energy
  3. Structural component (cellulose) of the cell walls of plants
  4. As a part of the receptors on the cell membranes of cells
45
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Anaerobic (doesn't use oxygen)
Glucose splits into two molecules of Pyruvate and produces 2 ATP
C6H12O6
ATP

Semester One Biology (4 decks)

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