Cell Theory Flashcards
What are organisms made up of?
Cells
What are organisms?
Living things
What are cells?
Smallest unit in a living thing
What is the acronym for what living things can do?
MRS GREN
Move
Reproduce
Sense
Grow
Respire
Excrete
Nutrition/digest
What is the cell theory?
All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.-mitosis and meiosis
Who and when did the first person discover cells and what specimen did he use?
Robert Hooke
1665
Cork
List the organelles of an animal cell.
Cytoplasm/ cytosol Cytoskeleton Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Plasma/cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Centrioles Vacuole Micro tubules/filaments Lysosomes Cilia
List the organelles found in a plant cell.
Cytoplasm/ cytosol Cytoskeleton Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Plasma/cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) Cell wall Rough ER Smooth ER Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Large vacuole 90% of cell volume Plastids Micro tubules/filaments Chloroplasts
What are prokaryotic cells? What is an example of one? And what structures do they contain?
Cells that do not have a nucleus. But do have "floating" DNA/RNA. DNA is circular (never ending). Unicellular Eg: bacteria
Contain structures: Flagella Cytosol Cell wall Cell membrane Ribosomes DNA floating in cytosol
What is a eukaryotic cell? Example?
Cell that has a nucleus.
Have DNA/RNA in the nucleus and nucleolus
DNA is linear
Eg: Protista, fungi, plants and animals.
What are the structures that can be seen under a light/optical/compound microscope?
Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Chloroplasts Cytoplasm-green plant Vacuole
What are the structures that can be seen under an electron microscope?
Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Chloroplasts Cytoplasm-green plant Vacuole Golgi apparatus Smooth and rough ER Ribosomes Mitochondria Lysosomes Centrioles
What is cytosol?
It is the jelly like substance within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs.
What is cytoplasm? And what is it made up of?
It is a collective term for the cytosol plus all of the organelles suspended within the cytosol.
90% water.
What is all the living matter of a cell called?
Protoplasm
What is the cell membrane, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
It is the outer most layer of an animal cell and the second most layer of a plant cell.
It is made up of phospholipids and protein.
It’s function is to control what enters and leaves the cell, by having selective permeability.
It helps the cell keep it’s contents.
Provides support to the cell.
Senses molecules that touches it.
What is the fluid mosaic model?
The theory that the plasma membrane is fluid because it is constantly moving around.
What is the cell wall, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
It is only found in plant cells and is the outermost layer of them.
It is made up of cellulose which is a macro sugar made up of the micro sugar glucose.
It’s function is to give the plant strength, structure, support and shape.
It also helps the plant cell to fill with water creating an internal pressure called turgor pressure.
What is the cytoskeleton, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
It is the skeleton of the cell.
It is made up of a network of protein fibres, filaments, and tubules.
It provides support and movement for a cell.
What is the nucleus, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
It is the the control centre of the cell.
It contains a nucleolus and is surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
Contains DNA which is arranged in chromosomes.
Genes are located on the chromosome and are therefore made up of DNA.
It controls the activity of the cell.
What does DNA do?
It codes for proteins.
What is the nucleolus, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
Non membrane bound structure.
It’s contains proteins and RNA particularly rRNA.
It’s function is to synthesise ribosomes.
Ribosomes are made of RNA.
What is the nuclear membrane, and what is it’s function?
It is what surrounds the nucleus.
It has openings called nuclear pores which allow materials such as RNA and ribosomes to enter and leave the nucleus.
What is the cell plate?
During cytokinesis in some plants and algae, a new cell wall begins to form in the middle of one cell, diving the two sides, to eventually form two cells.
What are mitochondria, what are they made up of and what is it’s function?
Mitochondria is the power house of the cell.
It is where cellular respiration occurs.
The end product of cellular respiration is energy.
Muscle, liver and nerve cells have many mitochondria.
It has two membranes: an inner membrane; which is folded, and an outer membrane.
The more folds the more energy.
These folds are called cristae.
They contain some of their own DNA.
It’s function is to provide the cell with energy in the form of ATP (adenosine-triphosphate).
What are chloroplasts, what are they made up of and what is it’s function?
They are large organelles found only in green plant cells which are responsible for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are green because they contain the pigment chlorophyll.
They are double membrane organelles.
One stores hydrogen ions.
Thylakoids are the inner membranes of the chloroplasts which in stacks are called grana.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a process whereby plants convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts which use chlorophyll.
They use light as their energy source.
They are called autotrophs.
What is the balanced equation of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O—-> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
—-> sunlight and chlorophyll
Occurs in chloroplasts.
What is the balanced equation of cellular respiration?
Glucose + oxygen—-> carbon dioxide + water + 36-38 ATP
C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP
Occurs in mitochondria.
Where 36 of the 38 ATPs (energy molecules) from one molecule of glucose are produced in the mitochondria.
What are chromoplasts, what are they made up of and what is it’s function?
They are plastids that store pigment. Found in flowers, ripe fruits and leaves.
In fruits, chloroplasts turn to chromoplasts as the fruit ripens. As when it was fresh and raw it was green and when it ripens, it colour changes.
What are plastids?
Plastids are major organelles found in plant and algae cells.
They manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell.
They have double stranded DNA.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum, what are the two types and the differences, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
It is a network of branching and joining tubules.
It is a folded mass of membranes made of phospholipids. (Same as the plasma membrane)
There is smooth ER and rough ER.
Endo: inside
Plasmic: cytoplasm
Reticulum: network
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has several functions, one of which is detoxification of several compounds and synthesis of carbohydrates and lipids.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered by an evenly spaced arrangement of ribosomes.
It’s main function is to hold on to the ribosomes used for making proteins that will be packaged and trucked elsewhere.
What are ribosomes? What are they made up of? What is their function?
Large and complex molecules that are synthesised in the nucleolus, spat put of the nucleus into the cytosol to roam freely and onto ER making it rough, and responsible for protein synthesis.
Each ribosome has two parts that come together during protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are made up of numerous proteins and RNA.
What is the Golgi apparatus/body/complex, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
It is a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that is located near the nucleus.
Made up of flattened membranous cells with smaller vacuoles or vesicles on either side.
Not connected to each other.
It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes.
What are lysosomes, what is it made up of and what is it’s function?
They are organelles which are small vacuoles or vesicles that are filled with digestive enzymes that digest particles and that disintegrate the cell after it’s death.
They bud off from the Golgi complex and fuse with food vacuoles.
Helps break down cellular waste (worn out parts of the cell) with its acids.
Involved in digestion of food particles brought into the cell through infoldings in the plasma membrane.
What are vacuole, what are the two types, what are they made up of and what are their function?
They are membrane bound sacs with little or no internal structure.
Two types:
Contractile vacuole
Food vacuole
The contractile vacuole of organisms helps to regulate water balance by eliminating excess water through a process called osmosis.
Used to store cell products such as pigments, food and water and to protect the rest of the cell from invading microorganisms.
In plants cells they are large, in animals cells they are much smaller.
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.
What are centrioles?
They are paired cylindrical structures that contain 9 bundles of microtubules, each with 3 tubules.
Only found in animal cells.
Involved in cellular division.
Lie at right angles to each other.
Centrioles called basal bodies, form cilia and flagella.
What is cilia and flagella? What are they made up of? And what are their functions?
Cilia and flagella are circular series of 9 pairs of microtubules surrounded by a long slender sheath of plasma membrane.
They are used for movement in animals cells.
Flagella are single long versions of cilia.
Cilia are short but numerous compared to flagella.
