Enzymes, Chromatography & Specimens Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the term “metabolism”?

A

A sequence of enzyme catalysed

chemical reactions in the cell - both anabolic and catabolic reactions

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2
Q

Anabolic and catabolic pathways are different. Briefly
explain two of the differences between an anabolic
pathway and a catabolic pathway.

A

Anabolic: Concerned with the processes
involved in the assembly of complex
organic molecules, requires energy and has divergent pathway

Catabolic: Processes related to degradation of
complex substances, with resulting
generation of energy, conserves energy and has a convergent pathway

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3
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Catalysts that regulate the chemistry of cells and organisms

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4
Q

What is an enzyme active site?

A

Part of enzyme involved in the catalytic reaction

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5
Q

When referring to an enzymatic reaction, what is meant

by the term “substrate”?

A

The reactant in an enzyme-catalysed reaction (Substance acted upon by the enzyme)

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6
Q

When referring to an enzymatic reaction, what is meant by the term “product”?

A

What is produced after the enzyme and substrate have bonded togther

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7
Q

List and briefly explain four (4) variables that can effect

enzyme activity.

A

Temperature: Each enzyme has an optimum temperature, and can only work within a certain range of temperatures

pH: Each enzyme has an optimum pH, and can only work within a certain range of pH levels

Substrate concentration: The more substrates that bind with available enzymes, the faster the reaction

Enzyme concentration; The greater the number of enzymes that are able to bind with a substrate, the faster the reaction

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8
Q

A laboratory assay uses an enzymatic reaction as part of the assay procedure. Explain why the incorrect
incubation time for the laboratory assay may effect the
results of the assay

A

This could affect the temperature that the enzyme is working in, and the enzyme may not be able to work effectively

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9
Q

List 4 different types of biological specimens that may be used in a Biomedical Science or Pathology laboratory.

A
  • Blood
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Solid tissue
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10
Q

Name the cellular components of blood.

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

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11
Q

Name 3 components of blood required for clotting.

A
  • Ca2+
  • Platelets
  • Clotting proteins e.g. fibrinogen
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12
Q

Is there a difference between serum and plasma? Explain your answer.

A

Plasma: liquid portion of blood
Serum: liquid portion of blood without clotting components

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13
Q

What is an anticoagulant?

A

A substance that allows the plasma portion of blood to be separated from the rest

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14
Q

List one anticoagulant and explain its mode of action.

A

Heparin:

- inhibits clotting proteins (eg thrombin)

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15
Q

Why are different anticoagulants used when collecting

blood?

A

Different coagulants have different purposes and modes of action, e.g. sodium fluoride preserves glucose in blood and oxalate joins calcium ions together

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16
Q

Why is correct identification of a patient sample important?

A

So that the patient waiting for results does not get an incorrect diagnosis, treatment or intervention

17
Q

List 2 reasons that a patient sample may be unsuitable for a laboratory assay, necessitating the recollection of a sample.

A
  • If the patient is identified incorrectly

- If the sample is damaged while being transported

18
Q

Haemophilia is a disease studied in a Coagulation

laboratory. What is Haemophilia?

A

A blood disorder where blood is not able to clot properly

19
Q

Why might a protein need to be separated

from a mixture of other proteins?

A

There may only be one protein that is of interest to be analysed

20
Q

What types of molecules can be separated

from a mixture using Chromatography?

A

DNA, RNA, other organic molecules

21
Q

List three Chromatography principles that

can be used to separate a molecule of interest from a mixture.

A

Ion Exchange:
- Solid stationary phase and liquid mobile phase
Size Exclusion:
- Liquid stationary phase and liquid mobile phase
Affinity:
- Stationary ligand and liquid mobile phase

22
Q

For each of the principles that you listed in
answer to the question above, what property
of the molecule of interest is being utilised
(eg size, charge, etc)

A

Ion exchange: charge

Size exclusion: size

23
Q

What factors may affect the reliability of a

laboratory test result?

A

Accuracy and precision

24
Q

Explain the term Accuracy when referring to

laboratory results. Use a hypothetical example in your explanation.

A

Closeness of measured value to true value

25
Q

Explain the term Precision when referring to

laboratory results. Use a hypothetical example in your explanation.

A

How close together a set of measurements (of the same parameter) are to each other