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bio ib hl > enzymes, cells, membranes > Flashcards

enzymes, cells, membranes Flashcards

1
Q

uninhabitable conditions of early earth

A
  • very hot due to volcanism and heat bc c02 and c04 trapped in much high concentrations than today
  • no ozone, which means no absorbing UV light which is harmful
  • very little oxygen and the oxygen would react with iron minerals from volcanism to form iron oxides
  • very little water since due to heat water would boil + evaporate and also not enough gravitational force for water to stay on earth
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2
Q

abiogenesis

A
  • hypothesis: living organisms evolved from non-living matter
  • cells are very complex structures, so this is not true
  • Pasteur’s experiment
  • abiogenesis happens in many stages, the first is prebiotic synthesis of small organic molecules from inorganic compounds.
    -Prebiotic synthesis can happen in different locations on earth under right conditions (Miller Urey)
  • Next stage is small organic molecules joining together to form large molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
  • Next is the formation of small vesicles of amphipathic molecules such as fatty acids and phospholipids
  • These vesicles are called protocells which form compartments. They are not true cells yet
  • Has a barrier in the form of a membrane to separate the compartment of protocells from outside environment
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3
Q

amphipathic

A
  • both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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4
Q

LUCA (next stage of abiogenesis)

A
  • last common universal ancestor
  • strongest evidence of LUCA: the universality of the genetic code
  • with rare exceptions, we all use the same genetic code
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5
Q

domain bacteria

A

“normal bacteria”
- prokaryote
- no organelles

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6
Q

domain archaea

A

extremophile bacteria
- extreme conditions
- prokaryote
- no organelles

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7
Q

domain eukarya

A

plants, fungi, animals
- has organelles

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8
Q

order of events of early life

A
  • prokaryotes
  • evolution of photosynthesis which released oxygen as waste (went from almost no oxygen to 21% oxygen)
  • eukaryotes
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9
Q

atypical eukaryote cells

A

red blood cells
- no nucleus
skeletal muscles
- multiple nuclei
- long and large
giant marine algae
- some are large and unicellular
aseptate fungi
- no clear division between cells
sieve tubes
- plant cells with only cytoplasm

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10
Q

IAM triangle

A
  • I = image size (using a ruler)
  • A = actual size
  • Magnification

mm –> um = x 1000
um –> mm = / 1000
nm –> um = / 1000

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11
Q

microscopes

A
  • light microscopes are 400X-1000X (400x is sharper). Some better ones go to 2000X
  • if needed higher magnifications you need electron microscopes (could go to 1,000,000X)
  • Disadvantage is that anything living will die due to beams of electrons. Also images are always b&w but artificial color can be added
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12
Q

advancements in techniques (adding color)

A

Fluorescent staining
- fluorescent dye makes structures visible when “excited” by certain wavelengths of light
- can help make 3D shapes more visible
Immunofluorescence
- fluorescent dyes attach to antibodies which then are attached to antigens on a structure to make it visible by fluorescence
- antibodies are made just to be attached to the desired antigen
freeze-fracture
- cells in a solution are frozen then broken (fractured), coated, then viewed under electron microscopes to see the 3D view of surfaces and cell interiors
cryogenic electron microscopy (cyro-EM)
- particles are frozen under very low temperatures then multiple electron microscope images are collected. Then computer takes the photos and reconstruct the shape then render and colorize in 3D

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13
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • bacteria is prokaryotic
  • all prokaryotic cells have: cell wall, cell membrane, 70S ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagella, naked DNA
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14
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • draw everything
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15
Q

functions + draw smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • function is to synthesize new lipids like cholesterol and phospholipids
  • no ribosomes unlike RER
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16
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • flattened sacs of membranes
  • proteins received from the ER are processed and repackaged for secretion
  • wifi looking
  • the bubbles are vesicles
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17
Q

lysosome

A
  • a vesicle containing digestive enzymes
  • digest food particles and damaged cell parts
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18
Q

vacuole + flagella

A

store water, sugars, amino acids, other molecules

gives cells mobility

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19
Q

order of smallest to biggest (size)

A
  • My Crazy Mom Visits Bieber Outside Concerts
  • molecules, cell membrane, virus, bacteria, organelles, cells
20
Q

surface area

A
  • how much material can enter a cell at once
  • bigger surface area = more material
21
Q

membrane diagram

A
  • draw everything w labels
22
Q

cholesterol

A
  • affects membrane fluidity at diff temps
  • decreases membrane fluidity at high temps
  • increases membrane fluidity at low temps
23
Q

movement through a membrane diagram

A
  • draw everything
24
Q

diffusion

A
  • movement of molecules from high to low concentration
  • requires no energy
  • draw diagram
25
Q

osmosis

A

-the movement of water molecules from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration

26
Q

semi-permeable

A
  • cell membrane that allow small molecules such as oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, glucose, amino acids, etc to pass through
  • will not allow large molecules such as sucrose, starch, protein, etc to pass through
27
Q

substitutes for enzymes

A
  • ribozymes
28
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • involves the use of proteins to facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane.
  • In some cases, molecules pass through channels within the protein
29
Q

collision

A
  • violent coming together of two or more moving objects against each other
30
Q

collision theory

A
  • explains why different reactions occur at different rates
  • claims chemical reaction only happens between particles when they collide w each other
31
Q

isotonic

A
  • same concentration on both sides of membrane
  • draw animal and plant cell diagram
32
Q

hypertonic

A
  • the more concentrated solution
  • draw animal and plant cell diagram
33
Q

hypotonic

A
  • the less concentrated solution
  • draw animal and plant cell diagram
34
Q

active transport

A
  • a type of transport where substances move against a concentration gradient in the opposite direction to diffusion
  • low concentration to high concentration
  • needs energy and protein pump to work (found in a membrane)
35
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • living cells called phagocytes ingest bacteria and other material
  • large food particles that can’t fit through membrane are ingested by phagocytes
36
Q

passive transport

A
  • doesn’t require energy, easy for water and oxygen to get into cells
  • simple diffusion
37
Q

enzyme definition

A
  • a biological catalyst
  • allows reactions to take place more easily but not get affected by the reaction itself

substrate enzyme —> product

  • a protein made up of many amino acids in a very long chain
  • identity where the active site is
38
Q

catalyst

A
  • works by lowering activation energy of the reaction by providing a structure to hold the substance(s) in a place called the active site
39
Q

pores

A
  • nuclear pores
  • allow RNA to go to ribomes to give information
40
Q

denaturation

A
  • when the bonds in the enzyme breaks permanently and the enzyme loses its shape
  • enzyme stops working
41
Q

cellular metabolism

A
  • all chemical reactions that occur within a cell
42
Q

anabolism

A
  • reactions that join molecules together to build new ones
43
Q

catabolism

A
  • reactions that break molecules apart
  • destroys things
  • think “catastrophe”
44
Q

homeostasis

A
  • a self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions.
45
Q

the enzyme diagram

A
  • draw
46
Q

inhibition

A
  • to inhibit means to hold in or back

bio ib hl (4 decks)

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