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bio : mod 2 : chap 4 > enzymes - biological catalysts > Flashcards

enzymes - biological catalysts Flashcards

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1
Q

define active site (2)

A
  • indented area on the surface of an enzyme molecule , with a shape that is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecules
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2
Q

define a catalyst (2)

A
  • chemical that speeds up the rate of reaction and remains unchanged and reusable at the end of the reaction
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3
Q

what does extracellular mean ?

A
  • outside of the cell
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4
Q

what does intracellular mean ?

A
  • inside the cell
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5
Q

define metabolism/metabolic

A
  • the chemical reactions that take place inside living cells or organisms
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6
Q

define product

A
  • molecule produced from the substrate molecules , by an enzyme catalysed reaction
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7
Q

define substrate

A

molecule that is altered by an enzyme - catalysed reaction

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8
Q

what does the structure of an enzyme enable ?

A
  • enables them to carry out their functions
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9
Q

for some enzymes to catalyse they may need help from ?

A

cofactors

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10
Q

what does ‘encode’ mean ?

A
  • writing/ representing information in a specific way by following certain rules or instructions
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11
Q

where are the instructions for enzymes encoded ?

A

in genes

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12
Q

what happens if a gene has a mutation and it alters the sequence of amino acids (in terms of enzymes) ?

A
  • this may alter the enzyme’s tertiary structure and prevent it from functioning
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13
Q

how does a metabolic disorders result ?

A
  • due to an enzyme catalysing defictly (insufficiently) in a metabolic reaction
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14
Q

give examples of what enzymes catalyse (in terms of an organism’s structural components) ( LIST 4)

A
  • collagen in bone
  • cartilage
  • blood vessel walls
  • joints and connective tissue
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15
Q

why are enzymes called biological catalysts ?

A

as they speed up metabolic reactions in living organisms

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16
Q

what does enzyme action effect ?

A
  • both structure and function within cells,tissues and organs
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17
Q

what can a small amount of catalyst do ?

A

can catalyse the changing (conversion) of large number of substrate molecules into product molecules

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18
Q

what is the turnover number ?

A
  • the number of reactions that an enzyme molecule can catalyse per second
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19
Q

what is the difference between biological catalysts and chemical catalysts ? (3)

A
  • BC= enzymes , highly specific, work in living organisms , operate at body temperatures
  • CC= inorganic substances , less specific , work in non-living systems , often operate under extreme conditions
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20
Q

biological catalysts are able to

A
  • function in conditions that sustain life
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21
Q

what do enzymes not do ?

A
  • produce unwanted by-products and rarely make mistakes
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22
Q

what can cells that enzymes are made of do ? (2)

A
  • regulate production of enzyme and activity to fit the needs of the cell or organism at the time
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23
Q

what does the active site consist of ?

A
  • about 6-10 amino acids
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24
Q

why is the tertiary structure of an enzyme crucial ?

A
  • as its shape is complementary to the shape of the substrate molecule
25
Q

why is each enzyme highly specific in its function ?

A
  • as it can only catalyse a reaction involving the particular type of substrate molecule that fits into its active site
26
Q

how can the shape of the enzyme’s active site be altered ?

A
  • by changes in temperature and pH which affects the bonds that hold proteins in their tertiary structure
27
Q

what is the active site part of ?

A
  • the enzyme molecule
28
Q

where does enzymes catalyse ?

A
  • in a wide range of intracellular and extracellular reactions
29
Q

within an organelles there could be …?

A
  • up to 1000 metabolic reactions going on at the same time
  • each being catalysed by a different enzyme
30
Q

what are some reactions going to be part of ?

A

metabolic reactions

31
Q

what are catabolic reactions ?

A

these are reactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones

32
Q

what are anabolic reactions ?

A

these are reactions that join smaller molecules together to much larger/much complex ones

33
Q

what does catabolic reactions do with energy and why ?

A
  • releases energy because breaking down molecules often frees up stored energy
34
Q

what does anabolic reactions do with energy and why ?

A
  • they require energy to make new larger molecules
35
Q

what is a metabolic pathway ?

A
  • each step is catalysed by a different enzyme
  • if one of the enzymes cannot function then the metabolic pathway cannot tun
36
Q

what are examples of complex metabolic pathways ?

A
  • respiration + photosynthesis
37
Q

what type of proteins are enzymes ?

A

globular proteins

38
Q

what type of shape does enzymes have ?

A

3 - dimensional shape

39
Q

where is catalase found ?

A

in nearly all living organisms that are exposed to oxygen

40
Q

why is catalase a very important enzyme ?

A
  • as it protects cells from damage by reactive oxygen by quickly breaking down hydrogen peroxide
41
Q

what is hydrogen peroxide ?

A

-a potentially harmful by-product of many metabolic reactions –> to water and oxygen

42
Q

what does catalase consist of ?

A

4 polypeptide chains and contain a haem group with iron

43
Q

how is catalase a faster-activity enzyme ? (2)

A
  • as it has the highest turnover number known of 6 million per second
44
Q

where is catalase found in a eukaryotic cell ?

A

in small vesicles called peroxisomes

45
Q

why does WBC use catalase ?

A
  • to help kill the invading microbe
46
Q

what is optimum pH for human catalase ?

A

pH 7

47
Q

what is the optimum pH for other species ?

A

between pH4 and 11

48
Q

what is optimum temperature for human catalase ?

A

45 degrees celsius

49
Q

what is optimum temperature for other species ?

A
  • thermophillic archae is 90 degrees celsius
50
Q

where are many enzymes secreted in our digestive system ?

A

into the gut lumen

51
Q

what happens while the enzymes are secreted ?

A
  • they extracellular digest the large molecules
    –> ( proteins,lipids,carbohydrates and nucleic acids) found in food
52
Q

what happens to the products of digestion ?

A
  • they are reabsorbed –> via epithelial cells of the gut wall–> into the bloodstream in order to be used for respiration , growth and tissue repair
53
Q

where is amylase produced ?

A

in the salivary glands

54
Q

where does amylase act and why ?

A
  • in the mouth to digest the polysaccharide starch to the disaccharide maltose
55
Q

where is amylase made and what does it do ?

A
  • in the pancreas and acts to catalyse the same reaction in the lumen of the small intestine
56
Q

where is trypsin made ?

A

in the pancreas

57
Q

where does trypsin act and why ?

A

acts in the lumen of the small intestine to digest proteins into smaller peptides by hydrolysing peptide bonds

58
Q

what is the optimum pH of trypsin ?

A
  • between 7.5 and 8.5

bio : mod 2 : chap 4 (4 decks)

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