Enzymes Best Flashcards
What does the shape of a protein depend on?
It’s function
What can proteins be used as in the body?
Structural components of tissue such as muscle
Hormones
Antibodies
Catalysts
What are chemical reactions in the cells controlled by?
By proteins called enzymes
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts which speed up reactions
What is the active site
The site on an enzyme on where the reactants bind
What can happen to the substrate in a reaction
The substrate can be held in the active site and either be connected to another molecule or broken down
What can enzymes do
Build large molecules from many smaller ones
Change one molecule into another
Break down large molecules into smaller ones
Give an example of a reaction where a enzyme Build large molecules from many smaller ones
Building starch from glucose molecules
Give an example when an enzyme Change one molecule into another
Converting one type of sugar into another
Give an example of when an enzyme can Break down large molecules into smaller ones
All digestive enzymes do this
What is a substrate
The material or chemical on which an enzyme acts
Why do enzyme reactions occur faster at higher temperatures?
At higher temperatures the molecules move around more quickly and so collide with each other more often and with more energy
Why if the temperature gets too high will an enzyme stop working?
If the temp gets too hot the enzyme stops working because the active site changes shape
What is denaturing
When an enzyme changes shape of an enzyme so that it can no longer speed up the reaction
Why is the ph important in enzyme reactions?
If the ph is too acidic or alkaline for the enzyme, the active site could change shape and the enzyme becomes denatured
What are digestive enzymes produced by
Specialised cells in glands in the lining of the gut
What is the process of digestion
The breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules
Where is amylase produced
The salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
What does amylase catalyse
The digestion of starch into sugars
Where does amylase catalyse digestion
Mouth and small intestine
Where is protease produced
Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
What are protein molecules made of?
Long chains of amino acids
What does protease catalyse
It catalysts the breakdown of proteins into amino acids
Where does protease catalyse its reaction
Stomach and small intestine
Where is lipase produced
Pancreas, small intestine
What does lipase catalyse
The breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol
What conditions does protease work best in
Acidic conditions in the stomach
What makes the conditions in the stomach good for protease
Glands in the stomach wall produce HCL creating acidic conditions
In what conditions do amylase and lipase work best in
Slightly alkaline in the small intestine
What produces bile
Liver
Where is bile stored
Gall bladder
Why is the bile squirted into the small intestine
Neutralises the stomach acid and makes the conditions slightly alkaline it also emipulsifies the fat giving it a much larger SA
What produces the enzymes used in industry
Some microorganisms produce enzymes that pass out of their cells
What do biological detergents contain
Protease and lipases
Why are biological detergents better than normal detergents
They work at lower temperatures, saving energy and therefore money
What are protease smushed for in industry
They predigest in some baby foods
What is isomerise used to do in industry
To convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup
Why is fructose used in slimming foods
Is is sweeter, much less is needed so it is less fattening
What are carbohydrases used for in industry
To convert starch into sugar syrup for use in foods
In industry enzymes are used to bring about at normal ………. And ………. Traditional processes require …………… Equipment and a lot of ……. To produce ……….. Temperatures and ……….
Temp Pressures Expensive Energy High Pressures
Advantages of enzymes
Enzymes in biological detergents are very effective at removing stains
Biological washing powders can be used at lower temperatures, saving energy, reducing costs
Some enzymes are used in medicine to diagnose, cure or even cure diseases
Costs of equipment and energy can be reduced
Dials advantages of enzymes
If washing powders are misused people may have allergic reactions
Enzymes may enter waterways via sewage system
Industrial enzymes can be costly to produce
Enzymes denature at high temp needed to kill pathogens
Some fabrics such as wool will be digested by proteases
