Enzymes and Homeostasis Flashcards
In an enzyme catalysed reaction, reaction rate will increase with the addition of more substrate until all enzyme active sites are ________. the addition of more substrate beyond this point will result in no increase in reaction rate.
saturated (full)
components of the body which detect temperature changes.
thermoreceptors
the enzyme maltase decomposes the sugar ____
maltose
this enzyme catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
catalase
if your body temperature drops below normal, your brain may direct your body to start involuntary muscle contractions which makes you start ______
Shivering
components of the body which detect light
photoreceptors
when the product of an enzyme catalyses reaction binds to the _______ site on the enzyme, it causes a change to the shape of the active site and the enzyme becomes temporarily inactive.
allosteric
_________ glands secrete hormones directly into the blood
endocrine
______ glands secrete hormones into ducts
exocrine
an ______ ________ occurs to correct the situation when a receptor detects that conditions in the body are out of range
adaptive response
the idea that the active site modifies its shape as it forms the enzyme-substrate complex
induced fit
every enzyme has an optimal __ at which it will work in the body. the exact value of this will depend upon where in the body that enzyme is functioning. Values too fa above OR below optimal will result in denaturation of the enzyme
pH
in order to function properly, enzymes require an additional substance called a ________, which are typically inorganic ions of metals
cofactor
cofactors can belong to this group of substances
metals
enzymes are said to be ______ because each enzyme catalyses only one type of reaction
specific
enzyme activity can be reduced when temperatures become too _____, however this situation can be reversed
cold
a biological catalyst is called an ______
enzyme
a word used to describe a substance which will combine with the active site of an enzyme during a reaction
substrate
negative feedback ______ occurs when the increase in the [product] of an enzyme catalysed reaction causes the rate of reaction to slow by inhibiting the associated enzyme
inhibition
maintaining the internal environment of the body at equilibrium
homeostasis
the model that considers the substrate and active site to be a perfect fit for each other ( 3 words )
lock and key
components of the body which detect chemical changes
chemoreceptors
_____ _______ like mercury and lead can cause the denaturation of enzymes (2 words)
heavy metald
the protein portion of an enzyme is called the ___________
apoenzyme
components of the body which detect changes in blood pressure
baroreceptors
insulin is an example of a ______ hormone
peptide
blood pressure, blood pH, and blood glucose levels are all part of ______ feedback systems where the correction of the level which is out of range leads to a SLOWING or CEASING of the corrective measure
negative
the ________ energy is the amount of energy that is required to get a chemical reaction started
activation
this word refers to the combination of all the chemical reactions that are occurring within an organism
metabolism
metabolic rate is controlled by the hormone thyroxin which is produced by the ________ gland
thyroid
an organic, but non protein substance (eg.vitamin) which place a role in forming a functioning enzyme
coenzyme
in order to cool your body blood vessels near the surface of the skin will _______
dilate
________ feedback systems are very rare in humans, but are present in situations like childbirth and breastfeeding
positive
all enzyme names end in this suffix
-ase
this element is required for the production of thyroxin
iodine
increasing this factor will increase the rate of a chemical reaction
surface area
___________ are chemical messengers which help cells communicate with each other
hormones
the receptors for regulating body temperature are located in this part of the brain
hypothalamus
this word is what happens to a protein when it’s exposed to heat, certain chemicals, or an extremely basic/acidic pH range
denature
all of the body’s sensory receptors are connected to the ______ system
nervous
organic, but non protein cofactors are often derived from these substances
vitamins
enzyme activity can be greatly reduced when temperatures get too ___. this situation is irreversible
hot
this enlargement of the throat can occur due to either hypothyroidism OR hyperthyroidism
goiter
lipid based hormones are composed of _______
steroids
the portion of an enzyme that binds with the substrate
active site
a _______ increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
catalyst
a solution with a higher _________ will provide a faster reaction rate than a solution with one that is lower
concentration
a factor affecting the rate of chemical reaction
temperature
many _________ are inhibitors that permanently bind to the active site of enzymes, rendering them inactive.
poisons
the term metabolic _________ refers to a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions which are all linked to each other
pathway
