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Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Acid Sphingomyelinase

A

breaks down sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholine

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2
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

Na moves out, K moves in

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3
Q

Sodium Calcium Exchanger

A

Na moves in, Ca moves out. Coupled with Na/K pump

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4
Q

GLUT 1

A

ubiquitous, high expression in RBCs and brain, high affinity for glucose

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5
Q

GLUT 2

A

found in liver and pancreas, low glucose affinity

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6
Q

GLUT 3

A

main transporter in neurons, high affinity

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7
Q

GLUT 4

A

skeletal muscle, heart, and adipose, insulin dependent, lower affinity for glucose

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8
Q

Hexokinase/Glucokinase

A

Hexo-found every where, Gluco-found in liver, pancreatic B cells
Regulatory protein that traps glucose inside cells
Inhibited by Glucose 6P, glucagon, fructose6p
Promoted by Glucose, Fructose1P and Insulin

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9
Q

Phosphoglucose Isomerase

A

Isomerization of G6P to F6P

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10
Q

PFK-1

A

Rate limiting step, inhibit by ATP and citrate, F6P to F1,6BP

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11
Q

Aldolase A

A

Cleaves F1,6BP into DHAP and G3P

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12
Q

Triose phosphate isomerase

A

Interconverts DHAP and G3P

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13
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3P Dehydrogenase

A

phosphorylate G3P, creates NADH

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14
Q

Phosphoglycerate kinase

A

Conversion of 1,3BPG to 3PG

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15
Q

Pyruvate kinase

A

Formation of 2pyruvate, releases 2 ATP

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16
Q

How is glucokinase regulated?

A

F6P promotes translocation of GK to the nucleus, High glucose promotes GK release from GK-RP

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17
Q

How is PFK-1 regulated?

A

RATE LIMITING, F6P to F-1,6-BP, it is inhibited by ATP and citrate, it is activated by AMP and F2,6BP (formed by PFK-2), dephosphorylated form is favored by insulin, phosphorylated form is favored by glucagon

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18
Q

How is pyruvate kinase regulated?

A

PK catalyzes the conversion of PEP into pyruvate. It is activated by F1,6BP and insulin. It is inhibited by ATP, Ala, and glucagon, active form is dephosphorylated.

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19
Q

What are the four enzymes in gluconeogenesis that bypass the regulated enzymes of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, F1,6BPase, Glucose 6-phosphatase

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20
Q

How is pyruvate carboxylase regulated?

A

Catalyzes the first step of of gluconeogenesis (pyruvate to OAA), it requires a biotin cofactor and is activated by acetyl CoA and cortisol

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21
Q

Mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase

A

OAA reduced to malate

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22
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)

A

decarboxylate and phosphorylate OAA to PEP, activated by cortisol, glucagon, and thyroxine

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23
Q

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase

A

RATE LIMITING, F1,6BP to F6P, activated by cortisol and citrate, inhibited by AMP and F2,6BP

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24
Q

Glucose 6-Phosphatase

A

dephosphorylation to form glucose, only in liver, kidneys, SI, and pancreas. Activated by cortisol

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25
Q

Aldose reductase

A

reduces sorbitol to glucose

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26
Q

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

A

oxidizes sucrose to fructose

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27
Q

Glucose 1P Uridyltransferase

A

able to convert galactose 1-P to glucose 1-P by transferring UDP from UDP-glucose to galactose.

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28
Q

Lactase

A

Latate to glucose and galactose

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29
Q

Galactokinase

A

Converts galactose to galactose 1-P

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30
Q

G6P dehydrogenase

A

RATE LIMITING, Reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione, produces 2 NADPH

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31
Q

Transketolase

A

TPP required as coenzyme, catalyzed transfer of 2C

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32
Q

Transaldose

A

catalyzes transfer of 3C segments

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33
Q

Phosphoglucomutase

A

isomerizes G6P to G1P

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34
Q

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

A

G1P to UDP-Glucose

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35
Q

Glycogen synthase

A

RATE LIMITING, UDP-glucose to non reducing end of glycogen chain, dephospho form active, phospho form inactive

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36
Q

glucosyl (4:6) transferase

A

reattaches glycogen chain broken off (after 11 residues) via a-1,6 bond

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37
Q

glycogen phosphorylase

A

RATE LIMITING in chain shortening, cleaves glucose residues off non-reducing end as G1P, uses vitamin B6, dephospho form is inactive, phospho form is active

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38
Q

Debranching enzyme

A

transfer block of 3 of remaining 4 remaining branch to the main chain, then cleaves a-1,6 bond

39
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

dephosphorylates PEP, phosphorylates AdP

40
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase

A

dephosphorylate 1,3-BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate, phosphorylates ADP

41
Q

Creatine kinase

A

dephosphorylates phosphocreatine, phosphorylates ADP

42
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

phosphorylated form is inactive, occurs in TPP, dephosphorylated is active

43
Q

Citrate synthase

A

OAA + Acetyl CoA = citrate

44
Q

aconitase

A

citrate to isocitrate, reversible

45
Q

isocitrate dehydrogenase

A

isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate, NADH released

46
Q

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

A

a-ketoglutarate to succinyl coA, NADH released

47
Q

succinate thiokinase

A

Succinyl CoA to Succinate, GTP released

48
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase

A

succinate to fumarate, FADH2 released

49
Q

fumarase

A

fumarate to malate

50
Q

malate dehydrogenase

A

malate to OAA, releases NADH

51
Q

Complex 1

A

NADH dehydrogenase, inhibited by amytal, rotenone, myxothiazol, piercidin A; involves Fe-S, 4 protons pumped in

52
Q

Complex II

A

succinate dehydrogenase, inhibited by malate; involves Fe-S clusters, transfers 2 e-

53
Q

Complex III

A

cytochrome-c reductase, inhibited by antimycin; involves Fe-S clusters, 2 H into matrix

54
Q

Complex IV

A

cytochrome c oxidase, inhibited by Cyanide, CO, H2S; Cu clusters, 4H in, forms water

55
Q

Complex V

A

ATP synthase, inhibited by oligomycin, moves protons from one side of membrane to the other

56
Q

Citrate lyase

A

Citrate to acetyl coA and OAA

57
Q

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

A

RATe LIMITING IN FA SYNTHESIS, adds CO2 to Acetyl CoA and creates malonyl coa, uses ATP and biotin , citrate upregulates, LCFAs inhibit, insulin activates, epi, glucagon, and AMP deactivate

58
Q

Fatty Acid Synthase compelx

A

composed of 2 identical dimers, 7 enzyme activities and an acyl carrier protein, each part participates in the condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction, production increased by insulin and glucocorticoid hormones, high carb/low fat diets increase, high fat diets lower, high PUFA suppresses

59
Q

Acyl CoA Desaturases

A

introduces double bonds in FA

60
Q

Hormone-sensitive lipase

A

TAG to DAG, inhibited by insulin, promoted by glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

61
Q

Lipoprotein lipase

A

DAG to MAG

62
Q

Monoacylglycerol lipase

A

MAG to glycerol

63
Q

Fatty acyl CoA synthetase

A

Fatty acid to Fatty acyl CoA

64
Q

CPT-1

A

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, fatty acyl CoA to Fatty acyl carnitine, malonyl CoA inhibits; RATE LIMITING

65
Q

CACT

A

Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, moves fatty acyl-carnitine into the cell and carnitine out of the cell

66
Q

CPT II

A

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, converts fatty acyl carnitine to Fatty acyl CoA

67
Q

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

A

oxidizes beta carbon to produce FADH2 and trans-enoyl-CoA in beta oxidation

68
Q

Enoyl CoA Hydratase

A

saturates alkene with water to form beta hydroxy acyl CoA

69
Q

B hydroxy acyl CoA dehydrogenase

A

beta hydroxy acyl CoA is oxidized to form ketoacyl CoA

70
Q

Acyl CoA acyl transferase

A

forms a ketone and shortens fatty acyl chain by 2C

71
Q

Propionyl CoA Carboxylase

A

carboxylates propionyl CoA to form methylmalonyl-CoA

72
Q

Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase

A

genertes succinyl-CoA from methylmalonyl-CoA

73
Q

Exopeptidase

A

attacks at C- or N- terminus ends

74
Q

Endopeptidase

A

attacks within the protein at a specific site

75
Q

Enterokinase

A

activates trypsinogen

76
Q

Cystothionine B-synthase

A

with the use of PLP converts homocysteine to cystathionine

77
Q

Branched chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase complex

A

converts Leu to acetoacetate, deficiency results in MSUD

78
Q

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

A

Converts Phe to Tyr, deficiency results in PKU

79
Q

glutamate dehydrogenase

A

converts a-KG to Glu

80
Q

Glutamine synthetase

A

converts Glu to Gln

81
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase

A

Creates carbamoyl phosphate, Rate limiting step in urea cycle, up regulated by NAG

82
Q

PRPP Synthetase

A

used in purine de novo synthesis, utilizes ATP, activates ribose 5-phosphate, activated by phosphate levels, negatively regulated by GMP, AMP, and IMP

83
Q

Glutamine:phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate aminotransferase

A

PRPP to PRA, upregulated by PRPP, down regulated by purine nucleotides

84
Q

adenylosuccinate synthetase

A

IMP to AMP, negatively controled by AMP

85
Q

IMP Dehydrogenase

A

IMP to XMP, negatively controlled by GMP

86
Q

aspartate transcarbamoylase

A

carbmoyl phosphate to carbamoyl aspartate, RAME LIMITING step in pyrimidine synthesis

87
Q

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

A

activated by PRPP and inhibited by UTP, Gln to carbamoyl phosphate

88
Q

UMP synthase

A

Orotate (+PRPP) to OMP, defect results in orotic aciduria

89
Q

Adenosine deaminase

A

Irreversible hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine

90
Q

Xanthine oxidase

A

Hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid

91
Q

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase

A

generates AMP from adenine and PRPP

92
Q

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

A

HGPRT, generates GMP or IMP

93
Q

AMP-activated protein kinase

A

cellular energy sensor, activated by low ATP, phosphorylates targets that control cellular energy production and consumption

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