Enzymes Flashcards
What are the 5 enzyme properties?
- ) Only small amounts of enzyme required
- ) Highly specific for a reaction
- ) Accelerate the speed of a reaction
- ) Lower the activation energy of a reaction
- ) Enzymes are not altered or consumed in the reaction
Define Denaturation, what is it caused by?
Proteins uncoil and can not refold. Caused by extreme temperature and pH on all spectrums.
Define Cofactor
Non-protein compounds required by some enzymes to make them active
Define Activator and examples
Inorganic, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn
Define Coenzyme and examples
Organic, NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH
Define Holoenzyme
Complete cofactor and enzyme complex
Define Prosthetic group
Bound Cofactor
Define Apoenzyme
Protein portion of the enzyme
Define Active Site
sequence of AA where enzyme attaches.
Define Allosteric Site
A region other than the active site where a separate compound reacts and alters the shape of the ACTIVE SITE. Used to regulate enzyme activity.
Define Isoenzyme
Different physical forms of an enzyme that all catalyze the SAME reaction. Vary by charge, response to inhibitors and response to heat inactivation which allows them to be identified and quantified. Come from different tissues
Define International Unit
What enzymes are reported out in. The quantities of enzyme that will catalyze the reaction of one micromole of substrate/min under defined conditions.
Define Katal
Amount of enzyme that catalyzes with a reaction rate of one mole/second.
What are the three phases of enzyme measurements? What are their orders and what happens at each?
Lag- No product made = no absorbance (no order)
Log (linear) phase- Where measurements are taken Linear with time and respect to Beets law. (ZERO Order)
Substrate Depletion Phase- Substrate gone= no products so no change in absorbance. Rate of reaction depend ate on substrate, not enzyme so…(FIRST order)
What is first Order?
The rate of the reaction is proportional to the reactant.
What is Zero order?
The rate of the reaction is independent of the reactant.
REVIEW 2 things
Abs vs Time
Reaction Rate vs [S]
What are six factors that influence enzymatic activity?
- ) Presence of Cofactors
- ) Presence of Inhibitors
- ) pH
- ) Enzyme [ ]
- ) Substrate [ ]
- ) Temperature
What is a plasma-specific enzyme and what concentration does it involve? Examples?
Expected to be higher concentrations in the blood because they FUNCTION here. Coagulations factors
What are non-plasma-specific enzymes, where do they function? Examples
Do not function in plasma…function in tissue. LD or CK
What are two general processes for increased rate of entry of enzymes?
- ) Increase in rate of enzyme release into the bloodstream. such as hypoxia from a heart attack
- ) Increased production of an enzyme.
What are the 7 causes of cell damage or death?
Physical agents (trauma) Microbial Agents Chemicals and drugs Hypoxia Immune mechanisms Nutritional disorders Genetic defects
What are two causes for increased enzyme production?
Enzyme induction (via drugs, alcohol, etc.) and proliferation of cells that produce that enzyme (cancer)
What are 5 physiological factors that affect enzyme reference ranges?
Sampling time Age Race Sex Exercise
Aspartate aminotransferase
Sources?
Elevated in what conditions?
AST
Heart, skeletal muscle and Liver
Viral hepatitis and Liver Carcinoma
alanine aminotransferase
Sources?
Elevated means?
ALT
Liver
Liver problems
Alkaline Phosphatease
Sources?
What if increased?
Diseases?
ALP
Liver and Bone (Only one from bone)
Increased= Bone and/or liver disease
Biliary Obstruction and Hepatocellular disease
Gamma-glutamultransferase
Sources?
Diseases?
GGT
Liver (primarily) Kidney, pancreas and intestine
Biliary track disorders, chronic ALCOHOLIC relapse
Cholinesterase and Acetylcholinesterase
What are sources for both?
DECREASED ChE levels?
ChE and AChE
AChE = Red blood cells
ChE = Liver, white brain and serum
Insecticide and nerve gas exposure
Creatine Kinase
Types and Sources?
CK
CK-BB (CK1) = Brain tissue
CK-BM (CK 2) = Cardiac Muscle
CK-MM (CK 3) = Cardiac and skeletal muscle
Lactate Dehydrogenase
Sources
Hemolysis
Diseases?
LD
Ubiquitous in all cells (nonspecific)
DONT USE (will elevate)
Hepatobiliary dieases and ANEMIA
Aldolase
Sources?
Diseases?
ALS
Skeletal muscle, Liver and Brain
Skeletal M-related, ie. Dystrophy
Amylase
Sources?
Diseases?
AMS
Salivary (mostly) and pancreas
Acute Pancreatitis, Perforated Peptic Ulcer
Lipase
Sources?
Diseases?
LPS
Pancreas Acute pancreatitis (more specific than AMS)
Acid Phosphatase
Diseases
Increased?
ACP
Bone
PROSTATE
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Sources?
Decreased?
G-6-PD
RBCs, Adrenal, LN, Thymus
Hemolytic anemia
AST
Aspartate aminotransferase
ALT
alanine aminotransferase
ALP
Alkaline Phosphatease
GGT
Gamma-glutamultransferase
ChE and AChE
Cholinesterase and Acetylcholinesterase
CK
Creatine Kinase
LD
Lactate Dehydrogenase
ALS
Aldolase
AMS
Amylase
LPS
Lipase
ACP
Acid Phosphatase
G-6-PD
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
ALT or AST higher in normal conditions? What if ALT is higher for a period of time? What if AST is higher?
ALT
ALT for long= Hepatitis
AST higher than ALT = Cirrhosis
What are causes for total CK elevations?
Myocardial Infarction (12x) CK-MB, Skeletal Muscle Disease (8x) CK-MM (DUCHENNES) and cerebral disease
