Enzymes Flashcards
What are the 5 enzyme properties?
- ) Only small amounts of enzyme required
- ) Highly specific for a reaction
- ) Accelerate the speed of a reaction
- ) Lower the activation energy of a reaction
- ) Enzymes are not altered or consumed in the reaction
Define Denaturation, what is it caused by?
Proteins uncoil and can not refold. Caused by extreme temperature and pH on all spectrums.
Define Cofactor
Non-protein compounds required by some enzymes to make them active
Define Activator and examples
Inorganic, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn
Define Coenzyme and examples
Organic, NAD+, NADH, NADP+, NADPH
Define Holoenzyme
Complete cofactor and enzyme complex
Define Prosthetic group
Bound Cofactor
Define Apoenzyme
Protein portion of the enzyme
Define Active Site
sequence of AA where enzyme attaches.
Define Allosteric Site
A region other than the active site where a separate compound reacts and alters the shape of the ACTIVE SITE. Used to regulate enzyme activity.
Define Isoenzyme
Different physical forms of an enzyme that all catalyze the SAME reaction. Vary by charge, response to inhibitors and response to heat inactivation which allows them to be identified and quantified. Come from different tissues
Define International Unit
What enzymes are reported out in. The quantities of enzyme that will catalyze the reaction of one micromole of substrate/min under defined conditions.
Define Katal
Amount of enzyme that catalyzes with a reaction rate of one mole/second.
What are the three phases of enzyme measurements? What are their orders and what happens at each?
Lag- No product made = no absorbance (no order)
Log (linear) phase- Where measurements are taken Linear with time and respect to Beets law. (ZERO Order)
Substrate Depletion Phase- Substrate gone= no products so no change in absorbance. Rate of reaction depend ate on substrate, not enzyme so…(FIRST order)
What is first Order?
The rate of the reaction is proportional to the reactant.
What is Zero order?
The rate of the reaction is independent of the reactant.
REVIEW 2 things
Abs vs Time
Reaction Rate vs [S]
What are six factors that influence enzymatic activity?
- ) Presence of Cofactors
- ) Presence of Inhibitors
- ) pH
- ) Enzyme [ ]
- ) Substrate [ ]
- ) Temperature
What is a plasma-specific enzyme and what concentration does it involve? Examples?
Expected to be higher concentrations in the blood because they FUNCTION here. Coagulations factors
What are non-plasma-specific enzymes, where do they function? Examples
Do not function in plasma…function in tissue. LD or CK
What are two general processes for increased rate of entry of enzymes?
- ) Increase in rate of enzyme release into the bloodstream. such as hypoxia from a heart attack
- ) Increased production of an enzyme.
What are the 7 causes of cell damage or death?
Physical agents (trauma) Microbial Agents Chemicals and drugs Hypoxia Immune mechanisms Nutritional disorders Genetic defects
What are two causes for increased enzyme production?
Enzyme induction (via drugs, alcohol, etc.) and proliferation of cells that produce that enzyme (cancer)
What are 5 physiological factors that affect enzyme reference ranges?
Sampling time Age Race Sex Exercise
