Enzymes Flashcards
outline the role of the organelles involved in the excretion of proteins out of the cell»_space; rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus & Vesicles
the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the place where protein will fold and furthermore be packaged into vesicles in order to be delivered to the Golgi
the role of the Golgi apparatus is to finalise any final modifications of the proteins and then completed proteins are again packed into a vesicle for secretion
the role of the vesicle is to fuse with the plasma membrane in order for the contents to be released via exocytosis.
make connections between a protein and an enzyme
all enzymes are proteins, however not all proteins are enzymes
in order to bind to specific substrates and catalyse chemical reactions, enzymes rely on their protein structure
the specificity of an enzyme for its substrate is determined through the protein’s structure, and the enzyme’s active site is vital to its function
the hierarchical protein structure of enzymes is crucial in order to maintain their shape, stability and ability to perform their catalytic function correctly and efficiently.
explain the action of an enzyme in terms of, enzyme + substrate > enzyme – substrate complex > enzyme + products
Enzyme + Substrate: the enzyme binds to the substrate at its active site, forming the enzyme-substrate complex.
Enzyme – Substrate Complex: the enzyme facilitates the reaction by lowering the activation energy, leading to the formation of products.
Enzyme + Products: the products are released from the enzyme, which remains unchanged and can catalyse the reaction again.
explain the importance of the 3D functional shape when discussing enzymes and their biological function
the 3D functional shape of an enzyme is significant because it enables the enzyme to specifically bind to its substrate(s), catalyse reactions efficiently, and maintain its activity under physiological conditions. without the 3D structure, enzymes would lose their ability to perform their critical biological roles.
discuss the impact that increasing temperature has on the rate of enzyme action
temperatures above the optimal level will cause the enzyme to denature and therefore lose the specific active site
discuss the impact that increase substrate concentration will have on the rate of enzyme action
an increased substrate concentration will increase the rate until a plateau is reached
discuss the impact that pH has on the rate of enzyme action
the level of pH can impact the rate of enzyme action because high and low levels of pH cause the weak hydrogen bonds of an enzyme to be disrupted leading to the active site to be compromised
explain the role of a DNA polymerase
the role of DNA polymerase is to replicate DNA using free DNA nucleotide. this allows scientists to make many copies of a DNA sample
explain the role of a ligase enzyme
the role of a ligase enzyme is to re-join segments of DNA through joining together via phosphodiester bonds the sugar-phosphate backbone
explain the role of an endonuclease enzyme
the role of an endonuclease enzyme is to cut DNA at specific restriction sites to make fragments of DNA
Outline the steps of PCR
denaturation, annealing, extension
identify the key temperature in each PCR process and explain their significance
the temperature during Denaturation is 95C. the significance of this temperature is that it causes the double stranded DNA to break up into two single-strands as the heat causes the hydrogen bonds to break between the complementary bases.
the temperature during Annealing is 55C. the significance of this temperature is that it allows for the primers to bind to their complementary sequences of the single-stranded DNA template. the temperature is decreased significantly as it determines the binding efficiency and specificity of the primers.
the temperature during Extension is 72C. this step involves the DNA polymerase to synthesise the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides to the primer, extending the DNA in a 5’ to 3’ direction. the optimal temperature is 72C because Taq polymerase works best at this heat. this temperature ensures the enzymes operate efficiently and DNA synthesis occurs at the correct rate.
explain the role of the enzyme polymerase in PCR
polymerase in PCR is essential as it allow for synthesis of new DNA strands during the extension step. the polymerase enzyme adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in a sequence-specific manner, using the original single-stranded template as a guide.
the heat-stability of Taq polymerase allows it to perform this task even after the reaction is heated to high temperatures, which is vital for the success of PCR.
make connections between the structure and function and enzymes to the significance of temperature
when temperatures are too high, the enzyme can be denatured and can no longer bind to the substrate.
consider some ethical considerations surrounding these DNA manipulation techniques
DNA manipulation technique of PCR raises several ethical concerns:
environmental impact»_space; concern over “unnatural genes” from GMO’s being implemented to the environment
animal welfare»_space; human genes being used in pig genomes
loss of genetic diversity»_space; all products being genetically identical to each other.
