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Cell Biology > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the role of enzymes in the cell?

A

They lower activation energy so they catalyst reactions

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2
Q

What are the roles of proteins based enzymes?

A

Stabilize the transition state

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3
Q

What is the role of RNA based enzymes?

A

To bind with a substrate and hold it in a way that allows the reaction to happen more efficiently

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4
Q

What is the role of the active site?

A

Bind substrates

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5
Q

What is the role of the allosteric site?

A

Allows molecules to either activate of inhibit, or turn off enzymes activity

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6
Q

Name 4 characteristics of enzymes

A

-specific
-can be saturated
-unchanged by the reaction
-work with a narrow range of optimal conditions

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7
Q

What does it mean when the substrate concentration is saturated?

A

It as reach is maximum velocity of the reaction

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8
Q

What is the role of NADH as a cofactor?

A

Helps transfer the energy to ATP by temporarily storing the H’s from the food molecules

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9
Q

What is a metabolism?

A

All chemicals reactions transpire inside the cells, including those who use and release energy

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10
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Small molecules assembles into a large one — energy is REQUIRED

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11
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

Large molecules breakdown into small ones — energy is RELEASED

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12
Q

What are the main passive transport?

A

-Simple diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-osmosis

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13
Q

What is a simple diffusion?

A

A substance that moves down its concentration gradient without requiring any energy from the cell

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14
Q

Those polar substances pass easily threw the membrane?

A

No

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15
Q

In diffusion when the equilibrium is reached?

A

When the concentration gradient is equal on both side of the membrane

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16
Q

What are the three main aspects of of diffusion?

A

-specific
-not saturated
-don’t use ATP

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17
Q

What are three factors that could effect diffusion?

A

-temperature
-concentration gradients
-solubility

18
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

It’s the action of moving material across the membrane with the help of membranes proteins

19
Q

Facilitated diffusion goes to what concentration gradient

A

Moves DOWN concentration gradient

20
Q

What are the three main aspect of the facilitated diffusion?

A

-can be saturated
-specific
-don’t use ATP

21
Q

What are the role of channels proteins?

A

Create an opening gate so the substances can pass threw the membrane

22
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Channels proteins that allow water to pass through the membrane at a very high rate

23
Q

What are the role of carrier proteins?

A

They change their own shape so it allows a SPECIFIC substance to pass

24
Q

When all the proteins bounds what does it mean?

A

That it’s saturated so you have reached the maximum rate of transport

25
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The facilitated diffusion of water

26
Q

True or false osmosis transport only water?

A

True

27
Q

What limits the rate of diffusion of water in the osmosis process?

A

Aquaporins

28
Q

High water — low solute will move to what type of solution?

A

Low water — High solute

29
Q

What are the two main characteristics of osmosis

A

-specific
-don’t use ATP
-rate limited by aquaporins

30
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure that must be applied to prevent osmosis

31
Q

What is an hypotonic solution?

A

Extracellular solution that has low solute and high water concentration so the water will ENTER the cell

32
Q

What is an hypertonic solution?

A

When extracellular has a high solute concentration and low water concentration so the water will moves OUT of the cell

33
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

when extracellular fluids has the same concentration of water than in the cell so their is NO movement

34
Q

What is the main principle of active transport?

A

-It requires energy in the form of ATP
-moves from a low concentration gradient to a high concentration gradient

35
Q

What are the three main things of active transport?

A

-specific
-can be saturated
-Uses ATP

36
Q

What is the principle of Bulk transport?

A

To transport large volumes OUT of the cell

37
Q

What is the main principle of endocytosis?

A

To moves large volumes IN the cell

38
Q

What are two types of endocytosis?

A

-pinocytosis
-phagocytosis

39
Q

What is the main principle of pinocytosis?

A

“Cell drinking” uptake fluids

40
Q

What is the main function of phagocytosis?

A

“Cell eating” — uptake large particles

41
Q

What is the function of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

Uptake specific substances

Cell Biology (10 decks)

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