ENZYMES Flashcards
______ glands secrete hormones directly into the blood.
Endocrine
_______ glands secrete hormones into the ducts
Exocrine
The model that considers the substrate and active site to be a perfect fit to each other (3 words with spaces)
Lock and key
This enlargement of the throat can occur due to either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Maintaining the internal environment of the body at equilibrium
Homeostasis
Insulin is an example of a ______ hormone
Peptide
Every enzyme has an optimal _______ at which it will work in the body. Values too far above or below will result in denaturation
PH
A factor affecting the rate of a chemical reaction
Temperature
Organic, but non-protein cofactor are often derived from these substances
Vitamins
Many __________ are inhibitors that permantely bind to the active site of enzymes, rendering them inactive
Poisons
In order to cool your body, blood vessels near the surface of the skin will
Dilate
An _____________ occurs to correct the situation when a receptor detects that conditions in the body are out of the normal range (2 words with space)
Adaptive Response
All enzymes end with the suffix
ase
Enzyme activity can be greatly reduced when the temperature gets too ______. This situation is irreversible
Hot
Components of the body that detect light
Photoreceptors
Increasing this factor will increase the rate of a chemical reaction (2 words with space)
Surface Area
All of the body’s sensory receptors are connected to the ___________ system
Nervous
The portion of an enzyme that binds with the substrate (2 words + space)
Active site
Cofactors can belong to this group of substances
Metals
Components of the body that detect chemical changes
Chemoreceptors
A _________ increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
Catalyst
When the product of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction binds to the ________ site on the enzyme, it causes a change to the shape of the active site and the enzyme becomes temporarily inactive
Allosteric
This word is what happens to a protein when its shape is changed by being exposed to heat or certain chemicals
Denature
_______ are chemical messengers which help cells communicate with each other
Hormones
an organic, but non-protein substance (eg. vitamin) that plays a role in forming a functioning enzyme
Coenzyme
this word refers to the combination of all the chemical reactions that are occurring within an organism
Metabolism
Components of the body that detect changes in blood pressure
Baroreceptors
Negative feedback __________ occurs when the increase in the [product] of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction causes the rate of that reaction to slow by inhibiting the associated enzyme
Inhibition
the idea that the active site modifies its shape as it forms the enzyme-substrate complex (2 words)
Induced fit
the receptors for regulating body temperature are located in this part of the brain
Hypothalamus
the enzyme maltase decomposes the sugar
maltose
The _______ energy is the amount of energy that is required to get a chemical reaction started
Activation
A solution with a higher ________ will provide a faster reaction rate than a solution with one that is lower
Concentration
__________ feedback systems are very rare in humans, but are present in situations like childbirth and breast feeding
Positive
Enzyme activity can be reduced when temperatures become too ______, however this situation can be reversed
Cold
This enzyme catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Catalase
This element is required for the production of thyroxin
Iodine
If your body temperature drops below normal, your brain may direct your body to start involuntary muscle contractions which makes you start to
Shiver
Blood pressure, blood pH, and blood glucose levels are all part of __________ feedback systems where the correction of the level that is out of range leads to a SLOWING or CEASING of the corrective measure
Negative
To function properly, enzymes require an additional substance called a _________, which are typically inorganic ions of metals
Cofactor
Components of the body that detect temperature changes
Thermoreceptors
the term metabolic ________ refers to a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions which are all linked to each other
Pathway
Metabolic rate is controlled by the hormone thyroxine which is produced by the _________ gland
Thyroid
A word used to describe a substance which will combine with the active site of an enzyme during a reaction
Substrate
Enzymes are said to be _________ because each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction
Specific
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reaction rate will continue to increase with the addition of more substrate until all enzyme active sites are __________. The addition of more substrate beyond this point will not increase the reaction rate
Saturated
Lipid-based hormones are composed of
Steroids
A biological catalyst is called a(n)
Enzyme
