Enzymes Flashcards
_ _ is a rod-shaped bacterium originally discovered in a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park
Thermus aquaticus
is a laboratory technique for rapidly producing (amplifying) millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be studied in greater detail.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Steps in PCR:
• Denaturation of helical DNA (94-96 ̊C)
• Annealing (68 ̊C)
• Elongation (72 ̊)
from T. aquaticus can withstand the temperature constraints of PCR
Taq polymerase
was first recognized and described in the late 1700s
Biological catalysis
What did they study in 1700s when recognizing biological catalysis?
digestion of meat by secretions of the stomach
Continued studying in 1800s
conversion of starch to sugar by saliva and
various plant extracts
he concluded that fermentation of sugar into alcohol by yeast is catalyzed by
“ferments”
Louis Pasteur (1850)
In __, he discovered that yeast extracts could ferment sugar to alcohol, proving that fermentation was promoted by molecules that continued to function when removed from cells.
in 1897 Eduard Buchner
What did buchner discovered in yeast extracts could ferment sugar to alcohol?
fermentation was promoted by molecules that continued to function when removed from cells.
He later gave the name enzymes (from the Greek “en” = inside and “zymos” = yeast) to the molecules detected by Buchner.
Frederick W. Kühne
Made the isolation and crystallization of urease; it was a breakthrough in early enzyme studies
James Sumner in 1926
postulate of Sumner
he postulated that all enzymes are proteins
(2) They crystallized pepsin, trypsin, and other digestive enzymes and found them also to be proteins.
1930s John Northrop and Moses Kunitz
Who wrote treatise titled Enzymes?
J. B. S. Haldane
He made the remarkable suggestion
that weak bonding interactions between an enzyme and its substrate might be used to
catalyze a reaction.
J. B. S. Haldane
Living organisms seethe with _ _
metabolic activity
Virtually all of these transformations are mediated by _
enzymes
proteins (and occasionally RNA; ribozymes) specialized to catalyze metabolic
reactions.
enzymes
it catalyze the reactions that break down food molecules to allow the cell to harvest energy
enzymes
They also catalyze the biosynthetic reactions that
produce the great variety of molecules required for cellular life.
enzymes
Enzymes also catalyze the biosynthetic reactions that produce the great variety of _ _ _ _ _
molecules required for cellular life.
Enzymes are highly effective catalysts for an enormous diversity of chemical reactions because of their _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
capacity to specifically bind a very wide range of molecules.
Enzymes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the prelude to making and
breaking chemical bonds.
bring substrates together in an
optimal orientation,