Enzymes Flashcards
energy necessary for reactions to occur
Activation energy
specific region of the enzyme to which the substrate binds
Active site
inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate
Allosteric inhibition
(also, anabolism) pathways that require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones
Anabolic
adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency
ATP
study of energy flowing through living systems
Bioenergetics
(also, catabolism) pathways in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones
Catabolic
potential energy in chemical bonds that is released when those bonds are broken
Chemical energy
small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance the activity of an enzyme
Coenzyme
inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal regulation of enzyme activity
Cofactor
type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the active site of the enzyme
Competitive inhibition
process that changes the natural properties of a substance
Denature
describes chemical reactions that require energy input
Endergonic
process during which energy released by one reaction is used to drive another reaction
Energy coupling
total energy of a system
Enthalpy
measure of randomness or disorder within a system
Entropy (S)
describes chemical reactions that release free energy
Exergonic
effect of a product of a reaction sequence to decrease its further production by inhibiting the activity of the first enzyme in the pathway that produces it
Feedback inhibition
Gibbs free energy is the usable energy, or energy that is available to do work.
Free energy
energy energy transferred from one system to another that is not work (energy of the motion of molecules or particles)
Heat
total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction
Heat energy
dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify their structures to allow for ideal binding
Induced fit
type of energy associated with objects or particles in motion
Kinetic energy
all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism
Metabolism
bond that connects phosphates in an ATP molecule
Phosphoanhydride bond
type of energy that has the potential to do work; stored energy
Potential energy
molecule on which the enzyme acts
Substrate
study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter
Thermodynamics
high-energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product) occurring during a chemical reaction
Transition state
