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ENVS 2210 Flashcards

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1
Q

Honey bees belong to what family of insects?

A

Apidae

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2
Q

Honey Bee Dance Language

A

movements through which bees communicate to other bees the location of flowers

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3
Q

Where to the earliest records of beekeeping come from?

A

ancient Egypt

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4
Q

What was the main characteristic of all traditional hives used until the 17th century?

A

fixed combs

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5
Q

Honey bees probably originated from what insect?

A

sphecoid wasp

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6
Q

What countries are the worlds largest producers of honey?

A

China and the USA

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7
Q

In today’s beekeeping world, Canada excels in what?

A

honey yield per colony

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8
Q

Where did honey bees probably evolve?

A

Africa or Asia

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9
Q

Where are the wax glands of a worker located?

A

on the abdomen

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10
Q

What is one of the functions of the exoskeleton of honey bees?

A

to provide structure and attachment for organs and muscles

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11
Q

Haemolymph is composed of what?

A

defense cells and plasma

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12
Q

What do bees use the secretion of hypopharyngeal glands for?

A

to feed the queen and larvae less than 3 days old

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13
Q

The Ventriculus

A

an organ where food is digested; located in the abdomen of the bee

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14
Q

What hormone regulates moulting during the developmental stages of honey bees?

A

Ecdysone

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15
Q

Ommatidia

A

structures contained within the bees compound eyes

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16
Q

What is the organ of honey bees that functions similarly to kidneys in mammals?

A

Malphigan tubes

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17
Q

The division of labour in a honey bee colony is also known as what?

A

polyethism

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18
Q

What are comb cells used for?

A

rearing brood, depositing eggs, storing nectar and pollen

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19
Q

What is the temperature in a brood rearing colony?

A

33-35*C

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20
Q

What influences the regulation of individual bee behavior in a hive?

A

stimuli near the bee, hormones in the bee, genetic predisposition of the bee, age of the bee

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21
Q

Why is a male bee a haploid individual?

A

because it carries a single set of chromosomes

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22
Q

Detractors of Von Frisch’s interpretation of the bee dance language thought that workers attracted by a dancing bee located food sources by relying mostly on what sense rather than information provided in the waggle part of the dance?

A

scent

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23
Q

What information is conveyed by bees performing the wagtail dance?

A

direction to food sources, distance to food source, quality of food source (nectar)

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24
Q

What information does the round dance convey?

A

food is 100m or closer

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25
Q

What do bees collect from flowers?

A

pollen and nectar

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26
Q

Queens produce pheromones that do what?

A

function as sexual attractant from drones

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27
Q

Queen honey bees mate ___ with ___ drones.

A

more than once; several drones

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28
Q

When is swarming of a honey bee colony most likely to occur?

A

during mid and late spring

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29
Q

How is the sex of individual bees determined?

A

by a gene with multiple alleles (up to 15)

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30
Q

Worker honey bees sharing the same father share genes in common by what percent?

A

75%

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31
Q

In honey bees, the subspecies taxonomic level is synonym with what?

A

race

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32
Q

Hybrid bees

A

bees resulting from crossing bee races or bee strains and that are meant to take advantage of heterosis

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33
Q

What is a difficulty of keeping Apis mellifera caucasica?

A

uses a lot of propolis

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34
Q

What type of Apis mellifera is particularly susceptible to American foulbrood and European foulbrood?

A

mellifera

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35
Q

Which type of Apis mellifera was introduced to Brazil in 1956, resulting in the eventual spread of Africanized bees throughout the Americas?

A

scutellata

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36
Q

What usually causes absconding?

A

lack of forage food or disturbance

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37
Q

What is the approximate expected range limit of Africanized bees in NA?

A

Southern USA

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38
Q

What are 2 of the functions of the hive brood chamber?

A

provide comb cells for the worker to rear larvae and for pollen storage

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39
Q

What is the function of the queen excluder?

A

keeps the queen restricted to the brood chamber

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40
Q

What is a smoker used for when managing a colony of bees?

A

to pacify the bees to facilitate the inspection and manipulation of the hive

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41
Q

What are important things to observe when inspecting a honey bee colony?

A

finding eggs and determining if there are any signs of brood disease, to look for queen cells and determine the cause of their presence, and to estimate food stores and bee population

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42
Q

When inspecting a hive you see the following: 2 or 3 queen cells, eggs in cells, and a weakly populated colony. What conclusion can you make based on this information?

A

about to supersede the queen

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43
Q

How can you reduce the amount of venom injected into your body if you are stung by a bee?

A

scratch the sting out using the hive tool or one of your fingernails

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44
Q

What is the function of a super?

A

a box with frames used in a hive to store honey

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45
Q

What are the 3 major components of honey?

A

water, fructose, and glucose

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46
Q

Why do queen cages contain “candy”?

A

helps feed the queen and accompanying workers, as well as works as a release mechanism in the process of requeening a colony

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47
Q

What is the main objective of fall management?

A

to ensure that colonies have adequate populations and food stores and are healthy

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48
Q

What is the “newspaper combining method” used for?

A

uniting 2 honey bee colonies

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49
Q

What is the melting point of beeswax?

A

63*C

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50
Q

What is beeswax?

A

a dense hydrocarbon

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51
Q

What is propolis, and why do bees use it?

A

a resin obtained by the bees from trees and plants, and used by the bees to seal cracks in the hive

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52
Q

Where in a plant is pollen produced?

A

anthers

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53
Q

How can you diagnose American foulbrood?

A

“ropy test”

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54
Q

What conditions will increase the susceptibility of bees to chalkbrood?

A

high humidity and weak colony population

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55
Q

What is fumagillan and why is it used?

A

an antibiotic used to control nosema disease

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56
Q

Deformed wings and sacbrood are caused by what?

A

viruses

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57
Q

How do you diagnose if a colony of bees is infested with tracheal mites?

A

microscope and PCR test

58
Q

What defecates in honey?

A

Aethina tumida

59
Q

What measures are suggested to reduce honey bee mortality cases caused by pesticides?

A

remove bee hives from agricultural crops sprayed with pesticides, arrange with grower to use non-hazardous pesticides to bees, avoid spraying on blooming plants

60
Q

What is considered the most damaging pathogen of honey bees worldwide?

A

Paenibacillus larvae

61
Q

Pollen Basket

A

modified tibia of the hind leg (of a worker)

62
Q

Honey bees start clustering together inside the hive when the external temperature drops below what?

A

13*C

63
Q

If a returning forager dances and waggles her abdomen while moving upward (vertically) in a straight line on the comb, that indicates that the food source she found is located in what direction with respect to the sun?

A

towards the suns position

64
Q

What gland secretes royal jelly?

A

hypopharyngeal glands

65
Q

What is one of the functions of the exoskeleton of honey bees?

A

to provide structure and attachment for organs and muscles

66
Q

What do the bees use the secretion of hypopharyngeal glands for?

A

to feed the queen and larvae 3 days old or younger

67
Q

Compund eyes of honey bees are composed by what?

A

thousands of facets called ommatidia

68
Q

What is the purpose of patrolling?

A

behaviour that enables worker bees to perceive colony needs

69
Q

What is moulting?

A

changing cuticle

70
Q

Fertilized eggs can result in the development of what type(s) of honey bees?

A

workers and queens

71
Q

The queen honey bee mates during what season?

A

all year

72
Q

The thorax is composed of how many segments?

A

3

73
Q

What does hymenoptera mean?

A

membrane winged

74
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

a valve regulating passage of food in the honey bee digestive tract

75
Q

What constitutes the major source of protein in a honey bee diet?

A

nectar

76
Q

The hind leg is specialized for what?

A

pollen packing

77
Q

The queen has how many ovaries?

A

2

78
Q

What hormone influences body differentiation?

A

juvenile hormone

79
Q

What is the function of ocelli?

A

detect light intensity but do not generate visual images

80
Q

Why are the body hairs of bees branched?

A

to trap pollen

81
Q

How do the bees transform nectar into honey?

A

food-processing bees evaporate water from nectar, digest complex sugars, and add the enzyme invertase to nectar

82
Q

What does supersedure refer to?

A

the replacement of a queen because she does not lay sufficient eggs and/or produces low amounts of queens substance

83
Q

Where is sperm stored in the mature queen?

A

the spermatheca

84
Q

What organ of a plant produces pollen?

A

anthers

85
Q

What is the structure located on the hind legs of bees that allows them to walk on flat surfaces?

A

arolium

86
Q

What does polyandrous mean?

A

mate with many partners

87
Q

If you observe that workers in a colony are laying eggs, what conclusion can you draw?

A

the colony is probably hopelessly queenless

88
Q

What do workers do in preparation for swarming?

A

gorge with honey, gain weight, and reduce their foraging activity

89
Q

Why do beekeepers try to prevent their colonies from swarming?

A

because they are dangerous

90
Q

What impact did the Africanized bees have in Mexico?

A

resulted in higher honey yields per colony and an increase in number of stinging incidents and fatalities of humans and animals

91
Q

What subspecies of Apis mellifera evolved in former Yugoslavia and Austria (Balkans region)?

A

carnica

92
Q

Why are Africanized bees more resistant to the parasitic mite Varroa destructor than European bees?

A

in part because the developmental time of Africanized bees is shorter than that of European bees, and Africanized bees groom themselves more efficiently

93
Q

How long did European and African races of honey bees evolve in isolation from each other?

A

more than 70,000 years but less than 700,000

94
Q

What are main management activities performed during early spring in overwintered colonies?

A

feeding them with sugar syrup, and expanding their brood nest by reversing hive bodies

95
Q

Mandibular glands of a queen bee produce what?

A

“queen’s substance”

96
Q

Africanized bees in the Americas are descendants of what races?

A

Apis mellifera scutellata and several races of European honey bees

97
Q

What can a larva heterozygotic at the sex locus develop into?

A

worker bee or queen bee

98
Q

Why do colonies usually swarm?

A

food resources are abundant in the field and the broodnest of the colony is congested and the colony is overpopulated

99
Q

How are drones related in a single queen colony?

A

brothers

100
Q

What happens when 2 virgin queens emerge simultaneously?

A

they fight until one of them is dead

101
Q

Where is the best place to stand when opening a hive to inspect it?

A

at the back or side

102
Q

How can you prevent colonies from swarming?

A

provide them with frames containing empty drawn comb for the queen to lay eggs, destroy queen cells if observed, and remove entrance reducers from hives

103
Q

Where did Apis mellifera ligustica originate?

A

Northern Italy

104
Q

What does the term subfamily refer to?

A

all of the worker offspring from a single father

105
Q

How many sex alleles can be expressed in the sperm of a drone and in the eggs of a queen?

A

one in the sperm of a drone, and two in the eggs of a queen

106
Q

Beekeeping

A

the art of providing honey bees a dwelling (hive) and manage them according to season

107
Q

How long ago did humans hunt honey bee colonies to steal their honey?

A

9-10 thousand years ago

108
Q

How many pairs of legs do honey bees have?

A

3

109
Q

The queen produces pheromones that do what?

A

help maintain colony cohesion, stimulate food foraging, and regulate colony reproduction

110
Q

What are pheromones?

A

chemical messages

111
Q

Drones develop from what kind of eggs?

A

unfertilized

112
Q

What is the function of drones?

A

to mate with virgin queens in the spring

113
Q

Honey bees are what kind of insects, and why?

A

holometabolous because they pass through complete metamorphosis

114
Q

What are the 4 developmental stages of honey bees?

A

egg (brood), larvae, pupa, adult

115
Q

What do honey bee eggs contain?

A

the nucleus and the yolk (nutritive materials)

116
Q

Cleavage cells eventually become what?

A

the blastoderm

117
Q

How long does it take for an embryo to fully develop into larva?

A

3 days

118
Q

During the larva stage, individuals pass through how many instars or substages?

A

5

119
Q

After the first 3 days, bees that will become workers or drones are fed what?

A

bee’s bread

120
Q

What is the most important factore influencing whether a larva becomes a queen or a worker?

A

difference in diet (royal jelly vs bee’s bread)

121
Q

What controls the metamorphis process?

A

hormones

122
Q

What is the juvenile hormone responsible for?

A

influences cell division and body differentiation

123
Q

morphological castes

A

3 types of colony members (queen, worker, drone)

124
Q

Exoskeleton is composed of what, and why?

A

composed of hardened plates connected by membranes to provide insect with structure and movement

125
Q

The head contains what organ?

A

sensory and digestive structures (eyes, antennae, and mouthparts)

126
Q

What are the 2 types of eyes bees have?

A

ocelli and compound eyes

127
Q

Ocelli

A

have simple lenses, detect light intensity, and may serve for orientation during flight, do not generate images

128
Q

Compound eyes

A

arrays of thousands of single eyes (ommatidia) each with its own fixed lens looking in a different direction

129
Q

Bee’s can’t see what colour?

A

red

130
Q

The antennae are composed of how many segments?

A

12

131
Q

The antennae contain what organs, and what are their functions?

A

sense organs , the sensilla (plates, pits, and hair) used to detect odours, CO2, humidity, temperature, and airflow

132
Q

What organ is inside the antennae pedistal?

A

Johnston organ (bee’s ear)

133
Q

What are the mandibles used for?

A

to cut, shape, groom, and fight

134
Q

What are the proboscis?

A

tube-like structures for the ingestion of liquids (5-7 mm long)

135
Q

What are the segments of the thorax?

A

prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax, plus the propodeum (1st abdominal structure)

136
Q

What kind of structures are contained in the thorax?

A

structures for locomotion and for pollen transport

137
Q

How many pairs of wings and legs are on the thorax?

A

3 pairs of legs on each segment, 2 pairs of wings on the last 2 segments

138
Q

The legs are composed of what parts?

A

coxa (jip), trocanter (femur head), femur, tibia, and tarsus

139
Q

Where is the antennae cleaner located?

A

fore legs

140
Q

What does the antennae cleaner look like?

A

a notch with comb like hairs

141
Q

What are the hind legs specialized for?

A

pollen or propolis packing

Biology (3 decks)

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