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EH 500 > Environmental Toxicology (4) > Flashcards

Environmental Toxicology (4) Flashcards

1
Q

Three main routes of exposure to chemical compounds

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Ingestion
  3. Skin absorption
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2
Q

What happens to chemicals once they enter your body?

A

Absorption –> Distribution –> Biotransformation –> Excretion

Mnemonic: ADBE

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3
Q

What is absorption?

A

How a chemical crosses the biological membranes to reach target cells

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4
Q

What is distribution?

A

Movement and storage of chemical in the body after absorption

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5
Q

What is biotransformation

A

Breakdown or metabolism of a chemical

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6
Q

What is excretion?

A

Removal of chemical from body

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7
Q

Where does absorption occur?

A

GI tract, lungs, skin

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8
Q

Most prominent sites of deposition?

A

Liver and kidney

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9
Q

What is something that would reduce the distribution of a chemical throughout the body?

A

Storage of the chemical in various sites (i.e., adipose tissue)

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10
Q

What is the major site of metabolism?

A

Liver

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11
Q

What generally happens during metabolism?

A

Substances are changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic

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12
Q

What are the main sites of excretion?

A

Liver (feces) and kidney (urine)

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13
Q

What is the main site of storage/deposition?

A

Adipose tissue

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14
Q

What are some sites of biotransformation?

A

Liver, kidney, lung, nose, GI tract, brain, skin, heart

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15
Q

What are obesogenic chemicals?

A

Lipophilic compounds that stimulate the growth & production of fat cells

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16
Q

Why are high doses of APAP bad for the liver?

A

Because APAP is metabolized in the liver into something harmful

17
Q

What are some health implications of exposure to particulate matter?

A

Bronchitis, asthma, and upper respiratory disorders

18
Q

What is the major functional unit of the brain?

A

Neurons

19
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Communicate to produce behaviors (all of which can be damaged or disrupted by chemicals compounds)

20
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body (nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes)
  2. Dendrites (receives input from another neuron)
  3. Axon (transmits signal to end of neuron)
  4. Myelin (insulates neuron to help transmit signal)
  5. Terminal (releases neurotransmitter onto adjacent neuron)
21
Q

What is explicit neurotoxicity?

A

High-level, acute exposure (being sprayed in the face w/ insecticide)

22
Q

What is subtle neurotoxicity?

A

Low-level, chronic exposure (insecticides sprayed in the home; consuming contaminated food and water)

23
Q

What is the main type of insecticides?

A

Organophosphates

24
Q

Insecticides are specifically designed to target the ________.

A

Nervous system

25
Q

What is SLUDGE?

A

High-dose, single exposure effect from organophosphates:

Salvation 
Lacrimation
Urination 
Defecation
GI distress
Emesis

EH 500 (8 decks)

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