Environmental Topics Flashcards
what are the 5 major causes of childhood mortality that are preventable
Infections:
pneumonia
diarrhea: loss of electrolytes, dehydration, death, giardia, e.coli, campylobactor, rotovirus
malaria
measles
neonatal
what about climate change contributes to health….
look in robbins
barium acetate
poison!
phase 1 reactions
hydrolysis
reduction
oxidation
Cytochorome P450 enzyme (CYP)
digests toxins
great variation in CYP acivity among individuals
phase II reactions
glucuronidation
sulfation
methylation
conjugations
environmental pollution
Table 9-1!
outdoor
- ozone
- -particulates
indoor-
- CO–> chronic exposure, not symptomatic until 30-40%, cherry red cheeks
- radon
- formaldehyde
lead toxicity in a child
low levels – still have significant effects (decreased IQ)
higher levels- death at 150
lead toxicity in an adult
not as harmful effects in adult
bone–> radio dense deposits
CNS- peripheral neuropathies, encephalopathy, mental deterioration
Blood–> anemias, basophilic stippling
mercury toxicity
intracellular glutathione is the protective mechanism for this toxicity
arsenic
found in herbs and certain ground waters
interferes with oxidative phosphorylation
GI
CNS
Cardiovascular effects
cancer in almost any tissues, mostly lung and skin
chronic exposure:
skin cancers (squamous and basal cell carcinomas)
lichenation
hyperpigmentation- axilla, soles of feet (not on sun exposed surfaces)
cadmium toxicity
causes skin changes, irritation, itching
overtime can be toxic
obstructive lung disease
Itai-Itai disease–> bony defects with renal disease
ozone
At risk:
healthy adults and children
lung inflammation
athletes, outdoor workers
decreased lung function
increased airway reactivity
decreased exercise capacity
xenobiotics
exogenous environmental chemicals
Cytochrome P-450 enzyme system - detoxifies or activates xenobiotics and both apparently generate ROS
table 9-2
human diseases associated with occupationl exposures
industrial/agricultural
look at it!
carbon tetrachloride
benzene- gasoline
minearl/dusts/ pneumoconioses - coal, silica, asbestos (higher bronchogeneic carcinomas, mesotheliomas) beryllium
vinyl chloride- plastics, causes angiosarcoma of the liver
phthalates- plastic
DDT- very effective against mosquito carrying malaria
tobacco effects
tables 9-3
9-4
8 years difference in life span b/w smokers and nonsmokers
most common exogenous cause of human cancers
strongly linked to development of atherosclerosis
cessation of smoking greatly reduces, within 5 years, the overall mortality and the risk of death from cardiovascular disease.
lung cancer mortality decreases by 21 % within 5 years, but the excess risk lasts for 30 years
alcohol
chronic effects: liver GI/esophagus- esophageal varices (Portal HTN) Brain- wernickes, korsakoff heart- dialted cardiomyopathies pancreas fetal alcohol syndrome nutrient depletion- depletes B vitamins, vitamin A
alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde—> further to acetate
oral contraceptives
venous thromboembolism
cancer ?
hepatic adenomas (over long periods of time on these)
increased risk if there is prothrombin or factor V Leiden mutations
prevent ovulation or prevent implantation
acetaminophen
widely used
LD50 is large (point at which 50% of people die)
liver effects- necrosis, treated with anasylcysteine
overdoses
ASA (aspirin)
bleeding
precipitates allergy/bronchospasm
Hormone replacement therapy
estrogen/progesterones
cocaine
figure 9-15
1/2 life of cocaine is 40 minutes (very short)
so there is no safe dose of cocaine
block dopamine reuptake:
euphoria, paranoia, hyperthermia (hyperpyrexia)
Block norepinephrine reuptake:
HTN, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarct, cerebral hemorrhage and infarct
heroin
-morphine is a synthetic form of this
amphetamines
sudafed is used to make this
produces euphoria followed by crash
