Environmental Sustainability Flashcards
1
Q
Nutrients are _____________
A
any chemicals that are needed for the proper functioning of organisms.
2
Q
The nutrient cycle is _____________
A
is a system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms.
3
Q
The 4 main Nutrient cycles are ________
A
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
4
Q
Carbon is exchanged between biotic and abiotic components by ___________
A
photosynthesis and respiration
5
Q
Precipitation, collection, transpiration, evaporation, and condensation are examples of the pathway of cycling for ___________ nutrient
A
Hydrogen/water
6
Q
Transpiration is _______________
A
The movement of water from the ground through plants and trees, being released by the leaves into the air
7
Q
By the process of________________, nitrogen-fixing bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and nitrifying bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate.
A
nitrogen fixation
8
Q
Atmospheric nitrogen is converted to _____________directly by lightning and assimilated by plants
A
Nitrates
9
Q
Denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia and nitrates to nitrogen and nitrous oxide by the process of _________________
A
denitrification
9
Q
_____________________break down proteins and amino acids of dead and decaying organic matters and waste product
A
Decomposers
9
Q
Black Blizzards are _________
A
Dust storms that increased from one a year to nearly 40 in the 1930’s
10
Q
The dust bowl in the 1930’s was caused by
A
Mechanized farming techniques (plowing), drought, and wind
11
Q
No-Till farming is an example of ____________
A
a sustainable farming method that helps nutrients stay put
12
Q
In the past 50 years, nitrogen cycles have been drastically altered by the rapid increase in ________________applications
A
synthetic fertilizer
13
Q
An ecosystem managed primarily for the production of food, fuel or fiber is called ________
A
An agroecosystem
14
Q
Ecosystem services include_____________
A
a. Provisioning, supportive, cultural, and regulating qualities
b. Water quality and runoff control, soil fertility and maintenance, carbon storage
c. Climate regulation, biodiversity, eco-tourism, and medicinal plants
D. All of the above
15
Q
The “4 R’s” of fertilizer application are:
A
Right source, right rate, right time, right place
16
Q
NUE is______
A
a. Nutrient Use Efficiency
b. the primary metric used to evaluate how well plants take up available nutrients in a
cropping system
c. the recovery of the applied nutrient either in the harvestable biomass of the plant or in
the total aboveground biomass divided by the quantity of the applied nutrient that was
neither incorporated into plant biomass nor made available to subsequent crops
D. all of the above
17
Q
NUE is _________
A
1 if there is no loss to the environment, a closed efficient system
18
Q
Tightening the nutrient cycle refers to __________
A
Higher utilization of active forms of a nutrient, with less loss to the general
environment
19
Q
A major source of nitrogen into agricultural systems is__________
A
Nitrogen fixing plants, plant residue, fertilizers
20
Q
Efficient nutrient cycling in agroecosystems results in ___________
A
Soil conservation, high water quality, carbon sequestration, low losses, and a resilient ecosystem
21
Q
Factors influencing nutrient cycles in agroecosystems include____________
A
a. Biophysical factors such as soil texture, mineralogy, depth to water table, climate
regime, and topography
b. Landscape arrangement including configuration (proximity to water bodies, path length)
and composition (natural vs managed)
c. Farm management such as tillage, field size, rotations, type of inputs, and water
management
D. All of the above
22
Q
Farm management practices can help promote tighter nutrient cycling by improving the _______________properties that regulate nutrient transformations
A
a. biological,
b. physical,
c. Chemical
D. All of the above
23
Greater nutrient retention can be achieved by reducing________________
a. runoff,
b. erosion,
c. leaching,
D. all of the above
24
soil greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by _______
a. enhancing soil organic matter content,
b. increasing microbial biomass,
c. increasing water holding capacity, and crop yields
d. all of the above
25
Erosion __________
Results in soil loss via wind or water and is closely linked to soil tillage
26
Trees incorporated into agricultural practices can result in ___________
Reduced leaching
27
The crop rooting zone refers to __________
The depth at which crop roots reach and can utilize nutrients in that area
28
Soil organic matter provides ecosystem services such as _____________ (circle all that apply)
a. binding sites for mobile NO3 and PO4
c. enhances water holding capacity
d. increases soil microbial biomass
29
Soil water holding capacity is influenced by soil texture in the following ways __________(circle all that apply)
a. Clay soils have small partial size, increasing water holding capacity
b. Sandy soils have smaller surface area for water to accumulate
c. Loam soils hold less water than clay, but more water than sand
d. In order from the least water runoff to the greatest: clay, loam then sand
30
Water holding capacity is ______________ (circle all that apply)
a. the total amount of water that a soil can hold at field capacity
c. controlled mainly by soil texture and soil organic matter content
31
Soils with higher water holding capacity_________
a. allow more time for biotic nutrient uptake
b. Allow for greater abiotic transformations
c. reduce N leaching losses
D. all of the above
32
Agroecosystem management practices include______________(circle all that apply)
a. Intercropping, agroforestry, cover cropping
c. Integrating crops and livestock, organic matter amendments, and conservation tillage
33
Conservation tillage is ______
a range of soil tillage practices that reduce or eliminate physical turnover of the soil and leave crop residues on the soil surfaces
34
Agroforestry is _________
the simultaneous cultivation of woody plants (trees or shrubs) and crops
35
integrating crops and livestock is _____________
agropastoral, silvopastoral, or agro-silvopastoral systems which combine crops and livestock, trees and livestock, and crops, trees, and livestock
36
Cover cropping is________________
the practice of planting a “service” crop at a time of the year when a cash crop is not
grown.
37
Nutrient cycling efficiency indicators include______________ (circle all that apply)
a. Reduction of runoff and erosion
b. Reduced leaching and low greenhouse gas emissions
c. Improved carbon storage and microbial biomass
d. Improved water holding capacity and improved crop yields
38
Intercropping _______
a. Reduces runoff and erosion
b. Improves microbial biomass
c. Improves crop yields
D. All of the above
39
Benefits of agroforestry include ________
a. Reduced runoff and erosion,
b. improved carbon storage,
c. improved microbial biomass
D. all of the above
40
Organic Matter amendments in the soil can result in _________
improved crop yields
41
Organic farming prohibits the use of______________; thus, organic farmers tend to rely on intensive tillage operations to control weeds
synthetic herbicides
42
a variety of _____________can be used as forage for dairy cows such as, triticale, a rye and wheat hybrid
cover crops
43
_____________ (which are common in the tropics) can improve feed quality and
digestibility and increase species richness and abundance at the farm-level while also providing climate change mitigation benefits
Leguminous trees
44
In agroforestry, trees provide multiple ecosystem services, including ________
a. creating microclimates
b. providing food for pollinators
c. reducing nutrient loss via leaching and erosion
D. all of the above
45
In agroforestry, tree pruning residues can
a. be further treated and stabilized as mulch or compost
b. be returned to the system as a soil amendment
c. be used to increase soil organic matter
D. all of the above
46
Nitrogen Fixation is ________
when Nitrogen from the air is converted to Ammonium (NH4)
47
_________bacteria is a bacterium that is important for nitrogen fixation
Rhizobium
48
Nitrogen ________________ usually occurs with rhizobium bacteria in legumes plant root nodules
Fixation
49
Diatomic Nitrogen is held together by
A triple bond
50
The _________________protein breaks Nitrogen (N2) apart
Molybdenum-iron
51
NH3 is _________
Ammonia
52
NO2 is ____
Nitrite
53
NO3 is _____
Nitrate
54
TIN is _________________ (circle all that apply)
a. Total Inorganic Nitrogen
c. Ammonia + Nitrite + Nitrate
55
Total Nitrogen is ______
Ammonia + Nitrite + Nitrate + organic Nitrogen
56
TKN is ______________ (circle all that apply)
a. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
b. Ammonia + Organic Nitrogen
57
The pH of water plays a role in the nitrogen cycle by____________(circle all that apply)
a. More acidic water (pH lower) favors NH4
c. More basic water (pH High) favors NH3
58
Nitrification is ___________
a 2 step process, where Ammonia is converted to Nitrite by autotrophic bacteria, and the Nitrite is converted to Nitrate by heterotrophic bacteria
59
Nitrate in the water can cause __________________(circle all that apply)
a. Eutrophication in natural ecosystems
c. “Blue Baby Syndrome” in infants
60
NH4NO3 is ________
Ammonium nitrate
61
Before human activities contributed to nitrogen fixation, the global nitrogen cycling in soils, vegetation, the atmosphere and oceans relied entirely on ________________(circle all that apply)
a. microbial biological fixation
b. lightning
62
Human activities contribute to the global nitrogen cycle at the beginning of the 20th century through combustion, which creates fixed nitrogen as NOx by _________________ (circle all that apply)
b. industrial NH3 production (by the Haber– Bosch process)
c. by growing nitrogen fixing crops
63
About _____________of all reactive nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle today are thought to be additions from human activity
2/3
64
Negative effects of anthropomorphic nitrogen additions include ____
a. directly contributing to radiative forcing of climate,
b. reductions in biodiversity at regional scales in terrestrial ecosystems
c. damage to human health through aerosols and ozone production
D. all of the above
65
Positive effects of anthropomorphic nitrogen additions include __________________ (circle all that apply)
b. sustaining the food supply to a global human population
c. stimulating global CO2 sequestration by terrestrial and marine ecosystems
66
Social costs of Nitrogen Pollution include__________________ (circle all that apply)
a. Climate change
b. Ari pollution
c. Surface water contamination
d. Groundwater contamination
66
Climate change will affect ___________________(circle all that apply)
a. temperature and rainfall (amount, frequency, seasonal distribution)
b. soil environmental conditions
c. site and landscape hydrology, vegetation cover and substrate supply.
d. Land use since farmers will adapt land use and land management as climate changes
67
Legume plants have _____
Root nodules containing nitrogen fixing bacteria
68
Organisms that help fix nitrogen include __________________(Circle all that apply)
b. Legumes plants, bryophytes, and lichens
c. Algae and bacteria
69
Projected global increases in temperature are therefore likely to be associated with
_____________________ in biological nitrogen fixation
Increase
70
Marine biological N fixation is performed by a diverse range of _______
diazotrophs in plankton, microbial mat communities, sea grasses, coral reefs and sea sediments
71
Cyanobacteria _____________ (circle all that apply)
a. Are also known as blue-green algae
b. Can grow to large puffs, sometimes visible to the naked eye
c. Are bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis
d. Can regulate their buoyancy to access nutrients
72
Trichodesmium erythraeum _________
Is a nitrogen fixing type of cyanobacteria
73
Increasing temperatures will likely cause the rate of N fixation to increase because
______________(circle all that apply)
a. enzyme activity increases at higher temperatures
c. the increase in sea surface temperatures will lead to an expansion of habitat suitable for diazotrophs
74
Oceanic Nitrogen processes can be affected by _______
a. Oxygen, salinity, Trace metals and phosphorus, and windspeeds carrying dust that contain micronutrients also play a factor (increased drought and wind transport)
b. ocean stratification which may may lead to a decrease in nutrient upwelling
C. all of the above
75
Atmospheric Nitrogen ___________as Carbon Dioxide levels increase
Increase
76
Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ______
Decrease in pH
77
Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ____
CO2 increase
78
Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ________
Temperature increase leading to expansion of diazotroph habitat
79
Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to ________
Temperature increase leading to faster enzyme activity
80
Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to increase due to _____
Stratification leading to shortage of nutrients in surface waters
81
Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to decrease due to _____
Increase in deposition of reactive nitrogen
82
Nitrogen fixation in marine ecosystems are predicted to decrease due to ____
Increase in nitrogen export from rivers
83
The underlying cause of increase active nitrogen can be linked to ______
population increase during the 21st century, resulting in the higher demand for food and other nitrogen-consuming activities (transport, heating and consumer goods)
84
Cooler ocean temperatures at the poles allow for _______
More gases such as NH3 to be dissolved
85
Warmer ocean temperatures near the equator allow for _______________(circle all that apply)
a. Less gases such as NH3 to be dissolved
c. Higher NH3 emissions into the atmosphere
d. Greater evaporation
86
The future ocean–atmosphere flux of NH3 will be affected by____________(circle all that apply)
a. increasing temperatures,
b. increasing terrestrial NH3 emissions,
c. and ocean acidification from elevated CO2 levels,
d. lowering the pH of the water
87
Lower pH results in a greater relative concentration of ______________in the ocean
ammonium
88
The future oceans may accumulate more reactive N, leading to ______
Eutrophication
89
Sources of atmospheric NOx (NO+NO2) are _____
soils, natural fires, lightning, transport from the stratosphere and combustion of fossil fuels
90
Nitrous oxide____________
a. Is a long-lived (114 yr) greenhouse gas,
b. contributs to 10 % of the global radiative forcing
c. is now the main cause of stratospheric O3 depletion
D. All of the above
91
N-fertilizer is responsible for ________
Rise in atmospheric NO2 concentrations from 270 to 319 ppb
92
___________ assist with denitrification in soils
Achaea, bacteria and fungi
93
____________areas are hotspots of denitrification as well as often hotspots of soil N2O emissions
Riparian (near rivers)
94
________is the microbial oxidation of NH+ 4 to nitrate (NO− 3 ), with hydroxylamine
and NO− 2 as essential intermediates
Nitrification
95
Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 increases________________ of plant photosynthesis, resulting in increased soil moisture
Water use efficiency
96
The overall effect of atmospheric composition change (due to climate change) on denitrification is to________ denitrification
Increase
97
Higher kinetic energies associated with warmer temperatures mean reactions proceed
Faster
98
Gaseous organic nitrogen exists in the atmosphere in both oxidized (peroxy acetyl nitrate PAN, and related compounds) and reduced forms, including _________
a. Amines and amino acids
b. urea
c. particulate matter in rain and snow
D. all of the above
99
WSON stands for
Water-Soluble fraction of Organic Nitrogen
100
Organic Nitrogen can take the form of ______
a. the humic-like materials
b. amines, amino acids, urea, nitrophenols, alkyl amides
c. N-heterocyclic alkaloids and organic nitrates
D. All of the above
101
Atmospheric organic nitrogen sources are found in_____________(circle all that apply)
a. soil dust, including in this source both ON associated with soil organic matter itself and the adsorption of ON onto dust particles
b. biomass burning
c. marine emission both direct and via emissions of gaseous precursors
d. anthropogenic and agricultural sources
102
Increases in average temperatures would be expected to lead to
_______________atmospheric concentrations of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, including ON species
increase
103
Changes in agricultural practice could lead to large changes in ON emissions, e.g. changes in the use of urea as a fertilizer, or changes in the management of animal wastes. (increased population will _____________________ agricultural demand)
increased
103
Increases in the oxidized nitrogen (NOy ) content of the atmosphere would lead to
faster reaction and conversion of organic matter into N-containing material, probably in the aerosol phase, leading in turn to ______________ aerosol concentrations of ON
Increased
104
In order to reduce the amount of active nitrogen in the cycle, we need to
__________(circle all that apply)
a. increasing nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture, closing nutrient cycles at different levels
b. influencing consumer behavior towards reduced meat consumption
c. use technology to reduce emissions from different compartments
d. use spatial planning as a tool to optimize production and environmental protection.
105
Phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, iron, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper are examples of ________
Micronutrients
106
Factors influencing nutrients cycling in agroecosystems include___
Biophysical, landscape, farming
107
__________ is highly influenced by tilling, resulting in loss of soil and all nutrients
Erosion
108
_______________ is the downward movement of nutrients below roots, grass, crop, tree roots
Leaching
109
_________is the effects on soil texture and nutrient uptake
Water holding capacity
110
intercropping, agroforestry, cover cropping, integration of crops and livestock, organic matter amendments, and conservation tillage are examples of _________
agroecosystem management practices
111
Combining crops and livestock, livestock and trees, trees and annual crops are examples of _________
Increasing biodiversity in agriculture
111
reduced runoff and erosion, reduced leaching, low GHG emissions, improved C storage, improved microbial biomass, improved water holding capacity, improved yields are examples of ___________
indicators of nutrient cycling efficiency
112
cover crops, perennial crops, complementary species planting are examples of __________farming practices to reduce weeds
Organic
113
Atmospheric, nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonium, fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, denitrification, total nitrogen, organic nitrogen, TKN are all examples of _______
Parts of the nitrogen cycle
114
Atmospheric nitrogen is triple bonded, broken inside of cells with the molybdenum iron protein, making___________
Ammonia
115
Legumes plants have rhizobium bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, which is an example of ______
Nitrogen fixation
116
NH4(ammonium) -> NO3 (Nitrate), uses up oxygen to do so is an example of
______________
Nitrification
117
Bacteria groups including ____________are important to the nitrogen cycle (circle all
that apply)
a. Autotrophs
b. Heterotrophs
c. ammonia oxidizers
d. Nitrite oxidizers
118
Denitrification takes place in ___________ environments
Anoxic
119
Human activities have nearly _________________ the amount of nitrogen actively cycling through the system
Doubled
120
localized controls, no global contracts, farmers vs government are examples of
____________ related to Nitrogen
Policy
121
aerosols near the earth’s surface, acid rain, health effects, eutrophication, climate are examples of _____________related to Nitrogen
climate change
122
the Haber Bosh Process ____
is a way of fixing nitrogen for fertilizers
123
_________ will affect temperature, rainfall, soil, hydrology, vegetation, and land
use, all of which will affect the nitrogen cycle in different ways
climate change
124
Increased CO2 affects ________________ (circle all that apply)
a. plant transpiration
b. soil moisture
c. O3 concentrations
d. C sequestration
125
________ was at equilibrium before industrialization, primarily controlled by
rhizobium bacteria, lichens and bryophytes, legumes crops, and is temperature sensitive.
Terrestrial biological nitrogen fixation
126
__________ involves plankton, sea grasses, cyanobacteria, trichodesmium, CO2 increases, increased stratification, increased nitrogen fixation, light influences, temperature influences, stratification, oxygen, salinity, trace metals, dust, wind, CO2, ammonium assimilated by phytoplankton
Marine biological nitrogen fixation
127
______ involves Combustion, fertilizer, etc, doubled Nr from 1980-2010, and projected to increase more
Human nitrogen fixation
128
________ involves livestock, crops, and fertilizers, effectively “fertilizing the
atmosphere”
NH3 emissions
129
NOx sources include_________
soil, fire, lightning, fossil fuels
130
Archaea, bacteria, fungi, contribute to _____________ putting nitrogen back into the atmosphere (inert), occurs at riparian zones
Denitrification
131
It is predicted that under current practices, the Nitrogen “bank” in the atmosphere-inert, will get smaller, the active Nitrogen in the system will get _____________, and the rate of change will increase overall.
Larger
132
hemic materials, thousands of compounds, both oxidized and reduced, found in soil, dust, biomass burning, marine emissions, agriculture, anthropogenic, are examples of _________
Organic nitrogen
133
____________are any chemicals that are needed for the proper functioning of
organisms
Nutrients
134
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen are the 4 main _____
Nutrient cycles
135
Water needed for all life, freshwater, transpiration, evaporation, groundwater,
precipitation are parts of __________
Hydrologic cycle
136
nitrogen fixation, atmospheric, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, decomposers, denitrifying bacteria, denitrification are steps in the ___________
Nitrogen cycle
137
Water quality, soil fertility, climate regulation, and biodiversity are examples of ______________
Ecosystem services
