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environmental policy > environmental policy midterm > Flashcards

environmental policy midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Meadowcroft & Fiorino article - environment

A

surroundings, and particularly natural surroundings that are threatened by human activities

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2
Q

Meadowcroft & Fiorino article - ecology

A

interdependence of organisms and broader natural resources

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3
Q

Meadowcroft & Fiorino article - environmental vs ecojustice

A

ecojustice places more of an emphasis on justice toward the more non-human natural world (animals, species, or ecosystems); environmental justice stresses human inequalities

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4
Q

Meadowcroft & Fiorino article - environmental footprint vs ecological footprint

A

environmental footprint is used to denote the aggregate of a particular product, practice, or community; ecological footprint is linked to a specific methodology that assess ecological burdens in relation to the land area required to support a particular way of life

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5
Q

polluter pays principle

A

links pollution control with potential economic returns

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6
Q

precautionary principle

A

formulated as a management tool that tells us how we should handle certain kinds of environmental issues

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7
Q

the things environmental concepts do

A

the interactions and interdependence of human societies and natural systems

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8
Q

adaptive management

A

a structured, iterative process of robust decision making in the face of uncertainty, with an aim to reduce uncertainty over time via system monitoring

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9
Q

waste hierarchy

A

suggests an appropriate lexical ordering of waste management approaches; links upward to wider ideas of environmental or resource efficiency

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10
Q

6 characterizing solutions to energy/environmental problems

A
  1. alternative energy
  2. clean energy
  3. green energy
  4. low-carbon energy
  5. renewable energy
  6. sustainable energy
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11
Q

critical organizing concepts

A

this suggests some of the ways concepts link into political controversy; most concepts appear as relatively neutral descriptors

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12
Q

factors related to the emergence of individual environmental concepts (2)

A
  1. pollution of air, land, and water through excessive deforestation
  2. industrialization and overfilling landfills which emits CO2 and adds to greenhouse gas emissions
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13
Q

What are the significant questions Mazmanian & Nijaki raise with respect to the vision of sustainable development?

A

How can and should environmental and economic resources be governed, given the objective of sustainability?

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14
Q

What do Mazmanian & Nijaki claim are the “requisite features of society and governance system in a sustainability epoch?” (4)

A

water, waste, clean air, and land use

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15
Q

What do Mazmanian & Nijaki list as the critical barriers to sustainable development? (4)

A
  1. competing priorities of managers (profit and growth prioritized over environment and human capital)
  2. local vs global benefits and costs
  3. scope of government authority and responsibility
  4. temporal concerns
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16
Q

How Pralle defines agenda setting

A

centers on political elites and the decisions that are made or deferred within the policy-making process

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17
Q

a condition vs a problem

A

a problem is recognized as worthy of attention/action; a condition is a matter perceived as not reasonable open to human efforts to change it

18
Q

the tragedy of the commons

A

each actor seeks to maximize the short-term benefits of appropriating the common pool resource; pursuit of short-term maximal gain leads to the overuse and long-term deterioration of the resource

19
Q

CPR theory (Vincent and Elinor Ostrom)

A

recognizes the challenges of common pool resources but doesn’t accept the claim that a tragedy of the commons or privatization is inevitable

20
Q

incrementalism

A

views public policy as a continuation of past government activities with only incremental modifications

21
Q

key concepts of incrementalism (6)

A
  1. base
  2. increment
  3. satisficing
  4. political feasibility
  5. uncertainty
  6. conflict minimization
22
Q

incrementalism is unable to… (2)

A
  1. explain unprecedented policymaking
  2. predict future policy reforms
23
Q

punctuated equilibrium theory

A

a theory of the policy process that seeks to explain a simple observation: although generally marked by stability and incrementalism, political processes occasionally produce large scale departures from the past

24
Q

key concepts of punctuated equilibrium (5)

A
  1. policy images and monopolies
  2. negative and positive feedback
  3. bounded rationality
  4. serial and parallel processing
  5. venues
25
Q

policy process model (5)

A
  1. agenda setting
  2. policy formulation
  3. policy legitimation
  4. policy implementation
  5. policy evaluation
26
Q

making it on the agenda is a function of…(5)

A
  1. visibility/perception
  2. scope and scale of the problem
  3. degree of complexity or abstractness
  4. symbols and framing
  5. who is pressing the issue
27
Q

factors related to setting policy goals…(5)

A
  1. what can we actually do?
  2. degree and kind of information
  3. technical vs political values
  4. competing philosophies of government
  5. who is actually formulating the goals?
28
Q

types of policy legitimation (3)

A
  1. congressional legitimation
  2. executive/bureaucratic legitimation
  3. judicial legitimation
29
Q

factors of implementation (3)

A
  1. bureaucratic discretion
  2. rule-making
  3. adjudication
30
Q

why is issue framing the essence of politics

A

because problems can be understood in multiple ways, efforts to portray problems and solutions in ways that advance one’s policy and political goals is the essence of politics

31
Q

motivated reasoning

A

elites and non-elites seek information which supports their partisan position and discount information that challenges it

32
Q

Kingdon’s multiple streams model

A

the rise and fall of issues on the agenda as a product of the interplay of 3 streams or policy processes: problems, policies, and politics

33
Q

why is it important to study agenda setting?

A

helps better understand how or why policies make it on to the agenda

34
Q

what is the first step of solving environmental problems

A

involves the mobilization of collective attention

35
Q

agenda denial

A

opponents to policy change have several tools at their disposal when attempting to keep issues off the agenda (deny that a problem exists, treat it as an isolated incident, discredit the group advocating the problem, etc.); if these strategies fail, policymakers may take symbolic action that fails to fundamentally alter political and policy outcomes

36
Q

institutional friction

A

gaps between the objective state of environmental problems and their place on public and institutional agendas; because of limited agenda space and political systems contain rules and structures that act as issue gatekeepers

37
Q

institutional friction in the US is enhanced by…

A

the existence of three independent branches of government and by super-majority rules such as the Senate and filibuster, among other features of a political system that is designed to resist rapid and transformational change

38
Q

focusing event

A

1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill

39
Q

the concept of framing suggests that…

A

policy actors deliberately draw attention to some aspects of an issue and away from others, helping to define “what the essential issue is” and “how to think about it”

40
Q

examples of critical organizing concepts (sea level rise)

A

the concept is anchored in scientific understanding of natural processes; scientists may argue about how fast and how far the seal level will rise; this gives rise to disputes about how concerned societies should be about sea level rise and what should be done about it

environmental policy (2 decks)

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