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Building Systems > Environmental Issues > Flashcards

Environmental Issues Flashcards

1
Q

radiation

A

transfer of heat between surfaces that are not in direct contact

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2
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact

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3
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat that requires requires fluid medium to transfer

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4
Q

latent heat

A

heat required to change states without change of temperature

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5
Q

sensible heat

A

amount of energy absorbed or released during a change of temperature

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6
Q

British Thermal Unit

A

amount of energy needed to raise 1 pound (or 1 pint) of water by 1 degree F
OR to burn 1 match

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7
Q

Clo

normal amt. in winter and summer

A

amount of insulation which will maintain normal skin temperatre of the human body
winter indoor dress: 0.8
summer: 0.4

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8
Q

relative humidity

A

approximate ratio of actual density of water vapor in air to maximum density of water vapor that is could contain RELATIVE to the temperature
100% is when dry blub temperature = wet bulb temperature

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9
Q

degree day

A

amount by which the average outdoor temperature is below the reference temperature for one day

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10
Q

design day

A

day that is colder than 98% of all days of the year - this is what the system is designed to handle

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11
Q

dry bulb temperatre

A

aka air temperature; indicator of heat content

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12
Q

wet bulb temperature

A

lowest temperature that can be reached by evaporation of water only (air temp. remains constant)

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13
Q

dew point

A

the temperature at which water vapor starts to condense out of the air

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14
Q

comfort zone

A

range of temperatures and humidities in which most people feel comfortable dressed in typical clothing and engaged in typical indoor activities

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15
Q

enthalpy

A

sum of internal energy in a system plus the product of the pressure of gas in the system and its volume

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16
Q

air changes/hour (ACH)

A

rough estimate of how many times the entire volume of indoor air is replaced with outdoor air in one hour

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17
Q

psychometrics

A

study of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures

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18
Q

mean daily range

A

average temperature swing from night to day

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19
Q

mean radiant temperature (MRT)

A

average radiant temperature of surroundings independent of air temperature

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20
Q

typical home furnace BTUs/hour

A

80,000-150,000 BTUs/hour

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21
Q

person at rest BTUs/hour

A

250-350 BTUs/hour

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22
Q

US home BTUs/year on space heating

A

50 million BTUs/year

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23
Q

units for energy

A

BTU or Watt Hours

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24
Q

Watt Hour

A

amount of energy to run a 3600 watt appliance for 1 second
OR run a 60 watt lightbulb for 1 min
OR run a 1 watt appliance for 1 hour

25
Q

rate of energy units

A

BTU/hour or Watts (J/s)

26
Q

BTU/hour uses

A

describe heat gain or loss

report input or output of a device

27
Q

Watt uses

A

represent a unit of energy over time
imply a rate (per second value)
measure instantaneously

28
Q

convert 1 Watt to BTU/hour

A

3.412 BTU/hour

29
Q

BTUs/lb of ft^3 for:
coal
natural gas
wood

A

15,000 BTU/lb
1,000 BTU/ft^3
7,000 BTU/lb

30
Q

design dry bulb (97.5%)

A

97.5% of the winter (December-February), the temperature will be higher than this listed #

31
Q

design dry bulb (2.5%)

A

2.5% of the summer (June-September) the weather is warmer than the listed #

32
Q

heating degree day (HDD65)

A

amount by which the avg. outdoor temp. is below 65

33
Q 
HDD65 defined
0-1000
1000-3000
3000-5000
5000-7000
7000+
A

0-1000 : no need to heat
1000-3000 : good insulation is enough
3000-5000 : moderate, use 2 systems
5000-7000 : need serious heating
7000+ : year-round heating (don’t live here)

34
Q

air pollution inversion phenomenon

A

heavier, cooler air is trapped below warm air and releases pollutants

35
Q

carbon dioxide sources (3)

A

respiration
combustion
fermentation

36
Q

carbon monoxide sources (4)

A

gas-powered motors
gas or oil-powered industrial equipment
building systems
biomass burning

37
Q

sick building syndrome

A

10% of occupants are sick

20% complain

38
Q

bake-out

A

heat interior air to 100 degrees F; release the heat and heat again. repeat for 2 weeks.
this removes pollutants

39
Q

ecosphere

A

area of earth from surface to 5 mi deep

40
Q

biosphere

A

area from earth’s surface to 5 mi into troposphere

41
Q

biophilia

A

love of living things; humans subconsciously seek connections with the rest of life

42
Q

organic feedstock

A

materials that mold can use as an energy source

43
Q

The Natural Step

A

1996 credo by scientists, designers, and environmentalists
goal of protecting eco- and bio-sphere:
don’t extract faster than you replenish
don’t manufacture faster than it can be integrated back into nature
protect and preserve living organisms
use resources fairly and efficiently

44
Q

Awanahee Principles

A 
1991 plan for sustainable development
mixed use
walkable
mixed use
24-hour
variety of uses and users
conservation of resources
SEE NOTES FOR MORE DETAIL
45
Q

LEED credit categories

A 
sustainable sites
water efficiency
energy and atmosphere
materials and resources
indoor environmental quality
innovation in design
46
Q

daylight factor

A

% of outdoor light that is available indoors (based on overcast conditions)

47
Q

solar altitude

A

angle of sun above the horizon (always 90 degrees or less - positive in the am, negative in the pm

48
Q

solar azimuth

A

angle of sun from due north, clockwise

49
Q

albedo

A

ratio of radiant to incident flux on a surface

50
Q

equation for light penetration into a room

A

height from floor to top of window x 2.5 = depth of penetration

51
Q

building commissioning

A

ensure that systems are designed, installed, and tested for effective operation and maintenance for owner

52
Q

retro-commissioning

A

commissioning of existing buildings; to improve/optimize operating and maintenance

53
Q

ground aquifer heating and cooling

A

differential thermal energy is used to heatt adn cool a building

54
Q

geothermal

A

collect warmer underground air with heat pump to supplement other heating systems

55
Q

biogas

A

made from waste and discarded crops to power turbines. high productivity, reduces landfill waste, no emissions

56
Q

embodied energy calculation:

concept model

A

rough - based on building type and square footage

57
Q

embodied energy calculation:

inventory model

A

accurate - based on actual amounts of all materials used

58
Q

embodied energy calculation:

survey model

A

for existing buildings - assumes the bulk of the embodied energy is in the architectural materials (for older construction, this is generally true)

Building Systems (6 decks)

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