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.Pathology 2 > Environmental II > Flashcards

Environmental II Flashcards

1
Q

describe anthracosis

A
  • anthracosis
    • accumulation of carbon pigment mostly in perilymphatic regions and lymph nodes
    • asymptomatic, no appreciable pathologic changes
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2
Q

describe simple CWP

A
  • simple CWP
    • macules and nodules
      • aggregates of dust-laden macrophages
      • fibrosis minimal or absent
    • little or no pulmonary dysfunction
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3
Q

describe complicated CWP

A
  • complicated CWP (progressive massive fibrosis)
    • coalescence of nodules into fibrous scars
    • impaired pulm. function
    • probably <10% of simple CWP progress to complicated
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4
Q

describe lead toxicity

A
  • numerous potential sources
    • paint
    • contaminated soil, water and air
    • batteries
    • mines, foundries
  • children more susceptible than adults
  • deposition
    • 80-85% in bone and health
    • 5-10% in blood
    • 5-10% soft tissues
  • diagnosis: venous whole blood level
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5
Q

describe the diagnosis of lead toxicity

A
  • diagnosis:
    • venous whole blood level
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6
Q

lead has a high affinity for _____

explain how this affects RBCs

A

lead has a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups

  • impairment of heme synthesis
    • delta aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALA dehydrase)
    • ferrocheletase
  • impairment of Na-K-ATPase in cell membranes and consequent increased cell fragility
    • hemolytic anemia
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7
Q

lead competes with ____ for binding to phosphate in bone

A

lead competes with calcium for binding to phosphate in bone

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8
Q

describe how lead inhibits heme synthesis

A
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9
Q

describe what is seen in a peripheral blood smear in a patient with lead poisoning

A

basophilic stippling of red blood cells

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

describe potential sources of mercury toxicity

A
  • contaminated fish or shellfish
  • release of mercury from dental work
  • combustion of mercury-laden materials or fuels (esp. coal)
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12
Q

describe the 3 forms of mercury, their route of absorption and their target organ

A
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13
Q

____ is the target of elemental and organic mercury

name the signs and symptoms

A

nervous system is the target of elemental and organic mercury

  • signs and symptoms
    • paresthesia
    • tremors
    • variety of neuropsychiatric
      • insomnia
      • memory loss
      • emotional instability
      • depression
    • ataxia
    • visual disturbances
    • vasomotor disturbances, excessive perspiration, blushing
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14
Q

nervous system is the target of ____ and _____ mercury

A

nervous system is the target of elemental and organic mercury

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15
Q

_____ is the target of inorganic mercury

A

kidneys are the target of inorganic mercury

  • acute due to high dose
    • acute failure due to tubular necrosis
  • chronic due to lower dose
    • insufficiency to eventual failure
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16
Q

kidneys are the target of ____ mercury

A

kidneys are the target of inorganic mercury

17
Q

describe berylliosis and occupations at higher risk for it

A
  • chronic exposure to fumes or dust can cause a delayed (type IV) HS response
  • granulomatous inflammatory response
    • very similar to sarcoidosis
  • granulomata can coalesce into fibrotic nodules
  • commonly seen in industrial setting
    • metal machining & reclamation
    • aerospace, nuclear power, electronics industries
  • beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT)
    • peripheral blood
    • BAL lavage fluid
18
Q

excessive consumption of alcohol associated with…. (4 things)

A
  • craving
  • loss of control
  • physical dependence
  • tolerance
19
Q

describe acute vs chronic alcohol toxicity

A
20
Q

describe changes in the liver from drinking and the reversible vs. irreversible stages of liver changes

A
21
Q

describe what is seen in the image

A
22
Q

describe what is seen in the image

A
23
Q

describe what is seen in the image

A
24
Q
A
25
Q

describe the metabolism of acetaminophen

A
26
Q

describe the image

A
27
Q

describe the image

A
28
Q

describe the image

A
29
Q

CNS: cocaine blocks the reuptake of _____

PNS: cocaine blocks the reuptake of ____ and ______

A

CNS: cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine

PNS: cocaine blocks the reuptake of epinephrine and norepinephrine

.Pathology 2 (28 decks)

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