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Horticulture > Environmental Hortoculture 2 > Flashcards

Environmental Hortoculture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

staking, pruning, pinching

A

physical methods used to control the growth of plants

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2
Q

spacing, thinning

A

cultural practices used to control the growth of plants

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3
Q

supports tree growth of roots, trunk, taper

A

two-stake method for supporting trees

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4
Q

allows tree to move around as it grows

A

benefit of two-stake method

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5
Q

reduces apical dominance, auxin stimulates growth of fruit

A

affect of tree pruning on fruit production

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6
Q

close spacing: reduced light; thinning: reduced soil competition, improved light exposure

A

how do spacing and thinning affect growth

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7
Q

diseases and weeds: prevention; insects: control

A

difference in approach to dealing with diseases and weeds versus insects

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8
Q

In order for disease to occur, pathogen, susceptible plant, favorable environment must be present

A

host-pathogen-environment disease triangle

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9
Q

fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasitic plants

A

microorganisms that cause plant disease

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10
Q

airborne spores, waterborne spores, insect vectors, alternate host, on planting materials, in soil

A

ways plant diseases are spread

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11
Q

sanitation, quarantine, resistance, vector control, soil treatment, chemicals

A

how can plant diseases be prevented

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12
Q

seen, chewed or tattered foliage/blossoms, defoliation, stippled yellow, bleached or bronzed foliage, distortion of plant parts, insect deposits

A

symptoms of insect infestations

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13
Q

a plant growing where you don’t want it

A

weed

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14
Q

clean seed, clean top soil, prevent flowering of weeds

A

preventive methods of weed control

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15
Q

mulches, irrigation, proper mowing height

A

cultural methods of weed control

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16
Q

hoeing, hand weeding

A

physical methods of weed control

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17
Q

herbicides

A

chemical methods of weed control

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18
Q

integrated pest management: multiple tactics (natural, cultural, biological, chemical) used in a compatible manner in order to maintain pest populations below levels that cause economic or unacceptable aesthetic injury without posing a hazard to humans, domestic animals, or other non-target life forms

A

IPM

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19
Q

food, pharmaceuticals, clothing, housing

A

four major functional uses of plants

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20
Q

Captain Blight and breadfruit; Irish potato famine

A

example of plant-people interaction

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21
Q

intensive control not feasible at relevant scales; need to manage system to regulate itself

A

relation of restorative activities to process of habitat deterioration

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22
Q

intercalary meristem: right at soil surface, slightly protected/not as exposed as other meristems, allows these turf grasses to be mowed over and over

A

anatomical characteristic of grass species that makes them suitable as turfgrasses

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23
Q

water purification, improves moods, soil erosion control, cooling of houses, provides oxygen, heat dissipation

A

benefits of turfgrasses in the landscape

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24
Q

water use, green waste from clippings, pesticide use, nitrate pollution from fertilizers

A

liabilities of turfgrasses in the landscape

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25
Q

to increase outdoor living space, modify environment, alter perspectives, privacy, beautification, increase value of real estate

A

why landscape

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26
Q

balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical; rhythm: repetition; emphasis: focal point; harmony: matching

A

4 principles of design and examples

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27
Q

color, texture, form, line

A

4 elements of design

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28
Q

symmetrical lines: mirror images vs curved lines: patterned after nature

A

difference between a formal and informal landscape design

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29
Q

alterations to land, soil, water, climate, plants, animals, nutrient cycles, pollutant loadings

A

difficulties of urban ecology

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30
Q

runoff changes: timing, quantity, quality, location

A

difference between storm water drainage in a rural area and urban area

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31
Q

air quality, climate regulation, food, fiber, aesthetic

A

ecosystem services that landscapes provide

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32
Q

California: San Diego County

A

floriculture and nursery industry

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33
Q

has thresholds where a little degradation will initiate sudden major decline

A

path of degradation

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34
Q

must go beyond threshold for ecosystem to recover

A

path of recovery

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35
Q

economic: huge agricultural industry in CA; psychological: landscapes can affect moods and be calming; medicinal: aloe vera plant soothes

A

ways plants and people interact

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36
Q

anthropogenic, artificially produced and maintained, high stress environment where no vegetation is truly adapted, purpose of benefiting humans

A

urban forests

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37
Q

result of natural processes, maintenance is inherent in system, species are adapted to environment, commodity or intrinsic values

A

natural forests

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38
Q

local: liabilities, disruption of curbs and sidewalks; state: pesticide and fertilizer use; federal: plant transport between countries, trade barriers GMOs

A

local state and national policies that affect EHUF

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39
Q

salinity, impurities, ions

A

what does electrical conductivity tell you about a water sample?

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40
Q

reference evapotranspiration: measures water lost via ET so you can replenish it in irrigation

A

ET₀

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41
Q

nutrients plants need in large quantities; ex: oxygen

A

macronutrients

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42
Q

nutrients plants need in small quantities; ex: iron

A

micronutrients

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43
Q

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

A

big three macronutrients

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44
Q

leaf veins stay green in iron deficiency

A

difference between nitrogen deficiency and iron deficiency

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45
Q

10% Nitrogen, 10% P₂O₅, 10% K₂O

A

10/10/2010

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46
Q

root systems can’t grow, urban canyons, pollution

A

challenges trees face in urban settings

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47
Q

tree protection zone

A

area cordoned off to minimize damage to tree

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49
Q

anchor; reservoir of water, nutrients, and air

A

soil

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50
Q

air and water compete for pore space

A

non-solid

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51
Q

smaller particles -> smaller pores -> greater capillary action

A

effect of soil texture on capillary action

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52
Q

tells ability of soil to hold nutrients

A

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

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53
Q

add peat moss or elemental sulfur

A

reduce pH of soil

55
Q

environmental horticulture

A

growing plants in an intensive manner

56
Q

urban forestry

A

planning, planting, and managing plants in an urban environment

57
Q

apical meristem

A

shoot tip: where cells are dividing

58
Q

leaf primordium

A

young leaf: cells dividing, organized and has developed specific functions

59
Q

axillary bud

A

is similar to apical meristem; leaf found by looking for this

60
Q

petiole

A

what holds leaf

61
Q

node

A

connection from main stem to leaf

62
Q

internode

A

in between nodes

63
Q

axillary branch

A

when axillary bud grows

64
Q

flower

A

one flower

65
Q

inflorescence

A

more than one flower

66
Q

cotyledon

A

seed leaf

67
Q

root apex

A

tip of plant root (at bottom)

68
Q

positively gravitropic

A

growing with gravity

69
Q

root apical meristem

A

creates root cap for protection

70
Q

root branches and root hairs

A

increase surface area of roots

71
Q

stamen

A

male: anther + filament

72
Q

pistil

A

female: stigma + style + ovary

73
Q

anther

A

releases pollen

74
Q

filament

A

holds anther

75
Q

stigma

A

captures pollen

76
Q

style

A

holds stigma

77
Q

ovary

A

has ovules

78
Q

ovules

A

end up as seeds

79
Q

receptacle

A

holds flower

80
Q

pedicile

A

‘flower stem’

81
Q

peduncle

A

‘flower stem’ for inflorescence

82
Q

petal

A

has pigment

83
Q

corolla

A

multiple petals

84
Q

sepal

A

encloses flower: hybrid between leaf and petal

85
Q

calyx

A

multiple sepals

86
Q

sexual propagation

A

exchange of genetic material from 2 parent plants resulting in variable offspring

87
Q

asexual propagation

A

no exchange of genetic material resulting in genetically identical offspring

88
Q

apomixis

A

asexual type of reproduction; seeds are genetically identical to parent plant

89
Q

juvenility

A

can’t flower

90
Q

water imbibition, digestion of endosperm, triggered by gibberellins, increased respiration, cell division

A

five steps in seed germination

91
Q

seed dormancy

A

condition that prevents seeds from germination

92
Q

hard seed coat, underdeveloped embryo, internal dormancy, double dormancy

A

types of seed dormancy

93
Q

impenetrable to water and air; overcome by hot water, acid or abrasion

A

hard seed coat

94
Q

difficult to overcome; allow seed to mature

A

underdeveloped embryo

95
Q

some internal hormone preventing germination; overcome by moist, cool storage or gibberellic acid

A

internal dormancy

96
Q

stratification

A

simulating winter conditions before a seeds germination to overcome dormancy

97
Q

scarification

A

using abrasion, heat or chemicals to encourage germination

98
Q

water, light, temperature: seeds have upper and lower temp ranges in which they will germinate

A

environmental factors affecting seed germination

99
Q

damping off

A

fungus caused ailments that kill seedlings before germination

100
Q

expect two parts to grow together into one plant; dedifferentiation-redifferentiation events

A

totipotency in asexual propagation

101
Q

match up of vascular cambium in rootstock and scion

A

necessary in grafting and budding

102
Q

asexual plant propagation fusing multiple buds together

A

grafting

103
Q

asexual plant propagation fusing one bud together

A

budding

104
Q

chimera

A

a single plant with two genetically different types of tissue; doesn’t propagate

105
Q

stem, root, leaf

A

different types of cuttings

106
Q

graft incompatibility

A

two plants can’t bond together well and have problems later on

107
Q

health of stock plant, juvenility, flowering versus vegetative plants, time of year, treatment with growth regulators, sanitation, wounding

A

factors affecting formation of adventitious roots

108
Q

enhances; but doesn’t cause roots to form in plants incapable of having adventitious roots

A

role of auxin in formation of adventitious roots

109
Q

humidity and light; for water and photosynthesis

A

necessary during cutting propagation

110
Q

sterile; controlled environment; very small tissues in little space produces whole plants quickly

A

micropropagation

112
Q

epigeous

A

cotyledons come above ground

113
Q

hypogeous

A

cotyledons stay below ground

114
Q

monocot

A

one cotyledon

115
Q

dicot

A

two cotyledons

116
Q

epicotyl

A

part of plant between cotyledon and leaves

117
Q

hypocotyl

A

part of plant below cotyledon but above ground

118
Q

fibrous root

A

root like trees

119
Q

tap root

A

root like carrot

120
Q

adventitious root

A

root that grows where it’s not expected

121
Q

stolon

A

stem growing horizontally above ground; pretty small

122
Q

rhizome

A

stem growing horizontally above ground or below ground; large and fleshy

123
Q

bulb

A

stem highly compressed underground with fleshy leaves

124
Q

corm

A

stem growing underground; short, vertical, solid, papery

125
Q

tuber

A

stem growing underground; enlarged, fleshy, shorter, fatter

126
Q

tuberous root

A

enlarged root growing horizontally below ground; doesn’t have axillary buds

127
Q

vascular system

A

xylem + pholem

128
Q

xylem

A

water and nutrient conducting tissue; where transpiration takes place

129
Q

pholem

A

photosynthate conducting tissue

130
Q

angiosperm

A

enclosed seeds

131
Q

gymnosperm

A

naked seeds

Horticulture (2 decks)

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