Environmental Hortoculture 2 Flashcards
staking, pruning, pinching
physical methods used to control the growth of plants
spacing, thinning
cultural practices used to control the growth of plants
supports tree growth of roots, trunk, taper
two-stake method for supporting trees
allows tree to move around as it grows
benefit of two-stake method
reduces apical dominance, auxin stimulates growth of fruit
affect of tree pruning on fruit production
close spacing: reduced light; thinning: reduced soil competition, improved light exposure
how do spacing and thinning affect growth
diseases and weeds: prevention; insects: control
difference in approach to dealing with diseases and weeds versus insects
In order for disease to occur, pathogen, susceptible plant, favorable environment must be present
host-pathogen-environment disease triangle
fungi, bacteria, viruses, parasitic plants
microorganisms that cause plant disease
airborne spores, waterborne spores, insect vectors, alternate host, on planting materials, in soil
ways plant diseases are spread
sanitation, quarantine, resistance, vector control, soil treatment, chemicals
how can plant diseases be prevented
seen, chewed or tattered foliage/blossoms, defoliation, stippled yellow, bleached or bronzed foliage, distortion of plant parts, insect deposits
symptoms of insect infestations
a plant growing where you don’t want it
weed
clean seed, clean top soil, prevent flowering of weeds
preventive methods of weed control
mulches, irrigation, proper mowing height
cultural methods of weed control
hoeing, hand weeding
physical methods of weed control
herbicides
chemical methods of weed control
integrated pest management: multiple tactics (natural, cultural, biological, chemical) used in a compatible manner in order to maintain pest populations below levels that cause economic or unacceptable aesthetic injury without posing a hazard to humans, domestic animals, or other non-target life forms
IPM
food, pharmaceuticals, clothing, housing
four major functional uses of plants
Captain Blight and breadfruit; Irish potato famine
example of plant-people interaction
intensive control not feasible at relevant scales; need to manage system to regulate itself
relation of restorative activities to process of habitat deterioration
intercalary meristem: right at soil surface, slightly protected/not as exposed as other meristems, allows these turf grasses to be mowed over and over
anatomical characteristic of grass species that makes them suitable as turfgrasses
water purification, improves moods, soil erosion control, cooling of houses, provides oxygen, heat dissipation
benefits of turfgrasses in the landscape
water use, green waste from clippings, pesticide use, nitrate pollution from fertilizers
liabilities of turfgrasses in the landscape
to increase outdoor living space, modify environment, alter perspectives, privacy, beautification, increase value of real estate
why landscape
balance: symmetrical and asymmetrical; rhythm: repetition; emphasis: focal point; harmony: matching
4 principles of design and examples
color, texture, form, line
4 elements of design
symmetrical lines: mirror images vs curved lines: patterned after nature
difference between a formal and informal landscape design
alterations to land, soil, water, climate, plants, animals, nutrient cycles, pollutant loadings
difficulties of urban ecology
runoff changes: timing, quantity, quality, location
difference between storm water drainage in a rural area and urban area
air quality, climate regulation, food, fiber, aesthetic
ecosystem services that landscapes provide
California: San Diego County
floriculture and nursery industry
has thresholds where a little degradation will initiate sudden major decline
path of degradation
must go beyond threshold for ecosystem to recover
path of recovery
economic: huge agricultural industry in CA; psychological: landscapes can affect moods and be calming; medicinal: aloe vera plant soothes
ways plants and people interact
anthropogenic, artificially produced and maintained, high stress environment where no vegetation is truly adapted, purpose of benefiting humans
urban forests
result of natural processes, maintenance is inherent in system, species are adapted to environment, commodity or intrinsic values
natural forests
local: liabilities, disruption of curbs and sidewalks; state: pesticide and fertilizer use; federal: plant transport between countries, trade barriers GMOs
local state and national policies that affect EHUF
salinity, impurities, ions
what does electrical conductivity tell you about a water sample?
reference evapotranspiration: measures water lost via ET so you can replenish it in irrigation
ET₀
nutrients plants need in large quantities; ex: oxygen
macronutrients
nutrients plants need in small quantities; ex: iron
micronutrients
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
big three macronutrients
leaf veins stay green in iron deficiency
difference between nitrogen deficiency and iron deficiency
10% Nitrogen, 10% P₂O₅, 10% K₂O
10/10/2010
root systems can’t grow, urban canyons, pollution
challenges trees face in urban settings
tree protection zone
area cordoned off to minimize damage to tree
anchor; reservoir of water, nutrients, and air
soil
air and water compete for pore space
non-solid
smaller particles -> smaller pores -> greater capillary action
effect of soil texture on capillary action
tells ability of soil to hold nutrients
Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)