Environmental Health Flashcards
What are the top three causes of death in the US
- Heart disease
- Cancer
- Stroke
Chronic disease is the #1 killer in the US
7 is DM (overweight/obese and arthritis also contribute)
what is the # 1 cause of disability in the US
arthritis
what isthe #1 preventable cause of death in the US
tobacco use
what are other diseases with significant burden of death/disability/poor quality of life
Metabolic Syndrome
Cerebrovascular disease
Neurocognitive disease
Immune dysfunction (autoimmune disease)
what are underutilized early detection/prevention practices
- mammograms - 22% women 50+ havent had one in the past 2 years
- Colorectal CA screening - adults 50+ 37% have never had a colonoscopy and 83% havent had one in last 3 years
How prevelant is lack of access to healthcare in WV
- About 20% of WV adults had no PCP
- About 15% could not afford medical care
- 9% of WV adults had no insurance at all
what are some ways humans come into contact w toxic substances
- The food chain
- Polluted water
- Airborne exposure
- Dermal exposure
how much does modifiable factors account for global burden of disease and deaths
- 24% of global burden of disease
- 23% of global deaths
what pathways do many pollutants induce?
signlaing pathways that are sensitive to oxidative stress
what are common cancer causing agents
- radon
- asbestos
- benzene
- coal
- soot
- smoke
- arsenic
- triclosan
cause CA by Increasing inflamm, impair immune, decrease cell repair
alter DNA and gene expression, stimulate rapid cell growth
what chemical exposures can cause obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes
- herbicide
- triclosan
- flame retardnats
- stain repellents
- nonstick compounds
- DDT
interfere w thyroid, mimic hormones, xenobiotic release, panreatic stres
others include arsenic and cadmium
what exposure can contribute to vascular disease
toxic metals which cause oxidative stress
strong connection w develpement and progression of vascular diseases
what exposure can cause neurocognitive impairment
- herbicides
- pesticides
- heavy metals
- triclosan
- teflon
- DDT
immediate SE: aggression, learning disorders, attention disorders
delayed SE → increased disposition to Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease
what exposure can cause endocrine disruption
- pesticides
- toxic metals
chemical interfere w hormone signals to various organ systems
what is acceptable daily intake, who refulates it?
- daily intake of a chemical that appears to be associated with minimal to no risk over lifetime
- FDA and dept of agriculture regulated
what is a hazard
ability of agent to cause injury
what is risk
frequency of undesirable occureence after exposure
what is route of exposure? give examples
- Industrial - inhalation, transdermal
- Atmospheric - inhalation, transdermal
- Water/Soil - inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact
what is acute v chronic exposure
- acute - single or multiple over a brief period (seconds to 1-2 days)
- chronic - multiple exposures over a longer period of time
what is bioaccumulation
intake of contaminant > ability to excrete or metabolize
what is biomagnification
increased concentration of a given contaminant as it goes up food chain
what is persistence
resist environmental, often animal metabolic breakdown
what is toxicity
rating based on repeated exposures which result in human or environmental adverse outcomes
what is CO as a pollutant
what are s/s of poisoning and tx
- colorless, tasteless, odorless, nonirritating pollutant that combines w O2 sites of hb
- s/s - headache, nausea, dizzy, LOC
- tx - removal from source, admin O2 within limits of O2 toxicity
what are common sources of CO
what is sulfur dioxide
what are s/s and tx
- colorless irritant gas that forms sulfiric acid on contact w mucous membranes
- s/s - irritant to eyes, mucous membranes, skin and resp tract (eye/nasal drainage w bronchospasm)
- chronic low level exposure = chronic cardiopulm disease
- tx - symptomatic
what is nitrogen dioxide
include s/s and tx
- brownish irritant gas
- s/s - eye/nose irritation, cough, frothy sputum, dyspnea, chest pain
- can cause pulm edema, subacute inflamm, chronic lung disease
- tx - symptomatic, management of pulm edema and iritation
what is ozone
include s/s and tx
- bluish irritant gas, occuring normally in atmosphere but in high conc w electrical equiptment, air/water purifiers and polluted urban air
- s/s - irritates mucous membranes. mild - upper resp inflamm. moderate - deep lung irritation, pulm edema. severe - morphologic/functional resp tract changes
- tx - symptomsatic
what are halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
include s/s
- formerly widely used industrial solvent/cleaning agent
- still used for dry cleaning
- s/s - CNS depression, liver/kidney injury, cardiotoxicity, carcinogenic.
- chronic - impaired memory and periphaerl neuropathy
“chlorophorm”
what are the three aromatic hydrocarbons and each of their s/s
- benzene - acute is CNS depression, chronic is bone marrow disease
- toulene - CNS depression, skin/eye irritant, fetotoxic
- xylene - CNS depressent and skin irritant
what are the very widely used versions of benzene
- combustion - volcanoes, forest fires, gasoline, tobacco smoke
- common liquids - dyes, detergents, pesticides, cleaning products, paint strippers, adhesives
- common solids - plastics, resins, synthetic fibers, rubber lubricants, pharmaceutical solvent
what are organochlorines
include s/s
- numerous compounds including DDT (most abandoned but DDT still used for mosquito elimination in africa)
- s/s - CNS stimulation, tremor, convulsions. Chronic - enhanced tumor formation.
what are organophosphates
s/s and tx
- pesticides that can be used as antiparasitics
- acetylcholinesterase inhibition
→ acetylcholine accumulation → cholinergic
activity - s/s - dyspnea, lacrimation, confusion, fasciculations, progressive demyelination of longest nerves
- acute - symptomatic O2, airway maintenance
- no tx for delayed neurotoxicity
some contain neuropathy target esterase
what are bipryidyls
s/s and tx
what are chlorophenoxy herbecides
s/s
- agent orange pesticide
- large doses = coma, weakness, hypotonia
- liver/kidney dysfunction
- non-hodgkins lymphoma
what is glyphosate
what is the main source of lead? what are other sources? how is it acquired into the body
what are s/s of lead toxicity . what are the tx
neuro, CV, renal, heme, onc, other
what is mercury and where is it acquired
what are s/s of mercury? what is the tx?
what is arsenic and where is it acquired?
what are s/s of arsenic poisoning and what is the tx
what is polychlorinated biphenyls and what are the s/s
what are brominated flame retardants and how do they cause harm?
what are perflourinated compounds and where are they found? what are the s/s
where is asbestos found? what is its effects
what are the 7 potential endocrine disrupter groups
