Environmental Health Flashcards
Identification
Branch of public health concerned with all aspects of
the natural and built environment that may affect
human health
Environmental Health
Identification
is a sub-component of environmental health
Environmental Public Health
Identification
is basically concerned with protecting the natural environment
Environmental Protection
Identification
Addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological
factors external to a person, and all the related factors
impacting behaviours
Environmental Health
Identification
Assessment and control of environmental factors
Environmental Health
Identification
Primary goal of environmental health
Targeted toward preventing the disease
Identification
Focus on the natural and built environment for the
benefit of human health
Environmental Health
True or False
Pollution is present every day.
True
Identification
occurs when a harmful or extensive
quantity of substances such as gases, particulates
and biological molecules are introduced into the
atmosphere which can damage the ozone layer
especially those particulate harmful to the Earth’s
surface which cause diseases allergies, diseases, and
death of humans, are harmful to other beings such
as crops, can damage natural and built environment
Air pollution
Identification
It can damage the ozone layer, especially
those particulates that are very harmful to
the Earth’s surface
Air pollution
Identification
It is the major contributor in air pollution
Human Activity
Identification
Material in the air that can have adverse effects on
human and the ecosystem
Pollutants
Enumeration
Give 6 Common Air Pollutants
Particulate Matter
Ground Level Ozone
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
True or False
Material in the air that can have adverse effects on
human and the ecosystem.
True
Identification
derived from combustion of fuel
Carbon Monoxide
Identification
from volcanic eruptions which forms secondary pollutants
Nitrogen Dioxide
Identification
it includes methane as an example
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Enumeration
2 Classifications of pollutants
Primary
Secondary
Identification
Classification that is produced from a process
Primary Pollutant
Identification
Classification forms in the air when primary pollutants react or interact, not emitted directly into air
Secondary Pollutant
Identification
leading pollutant and worst climate pollution
Carbon Dioxide
Identification
it is a greenhouse gas and humans give off this gas during expiration
Carbon Dioxide
Identification
produced by volcanoes and other industrial processes even oil
and petroleum
Sulfur oxides
Identification
expelled from high temperature combustion and produced during thunderstorms
Nitric Oxides
Identification
it is odorless and colorless yet toxic, can cause death when present in high concentrations, can bind to hemoglobin causes the delivery of oxygen to the tissues impossible, causes hypoxia, has 240xaffinity for oxygen
Carbon Monoxide
Identification
when there is binding of carbon monoxide in haemoglobin or the decrease level of oxygen in the tissue
Hypoxia
Identification
Example: Methane or non-methane volatile
compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
Identification
atmospheric particulates and fine,
tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in gas
Particulates
Identification
can cause cardiovascular disease
Persistent free radicals
Identification
Examples: lead and mercury
Toxic Metals
Identification
harmful to ozone layer, gas released by refrigerators, air conditioners, and
aerosol sprays
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Identification
emitted from agricultural processes and have a pungent odor
Ammonia
Identification
from garbage sewage and industrial processes
Odours
Identification
produced during nuclear explosion and from war explosives
Radioactive pollutants
Enumeration
Give 6 ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) SOURCES of Air Pollution
Stationary sources
Mobile sources
Fumes
Controlled burn practices
Military resources
Fertilized farmland (chemical fertilizer that is a major source of nitrogen oxide)
Enumeration
Give 6 Natural Sources of Air Pollution
Dust
Methane
Radon gas
Smoke and Carbon monoxide
Vegetations
Volcanic activity
Identification
Contamination of water bodies
Water Pollution
Identification
MAJOR global problem
Water Pollution
Identification
Often caused by the discharge of inadequately
treated wastewater into natural bodies of water
Water Pollution
Identification
Includes pollution of rivers, lakes, and oceans
Surface Water Pollution
Identification
A subset of surface water pollution is marine pollution
Surface Water Pollution
Identification
Pollutants are present on the surface of water bodies
Surface Water Pollution
Identification
Directly discharging sewage and industrial waste into the ocean
Marine Pollution
Identification
Entry of contaminants into the sea from the river
Marine Pollution
Identification
Pollutants are directly placed under the water and can poison any creature living in the sea
Marine Pollution
Identification
Focus on soil characteristics and site ecology
Groundwater Pollution
Identifcation
Common in large fields and farm
Groundwater Pollution
Enumeration
Give the 5 Causes of groundwater pollution
Naturally-occuring
Sewage
On-site sanitation systems
Commercial and industrial lakes
Fertilizers and pesticides
Identification
Refers to contaminants that enter a waterway from single, identifiable source, such as pipe or ditch
Point Sources water pollution
Identification
Refers to diffuse contamination that does
not originate from a single discrete source
Non-point Sources
Identification
Discrete contamination due to flow of water
Non-point Sources
Identification
Also known as sewage
Municipal wastewater treatment
Identification
Typically treated by CENTRALIZED sewage treatment plans
Municipal wastewater treatment
Identification
Individual septic tanks
On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation
Identification
Can lead to groundwater pollution if not properly done
On-site sanitation and safely managed sanitation
Identification
Pre-treats the wastewater on site and infiltrates it into the soil
Individual septic tanks
Identification
Sewage treatment plants
Industrial wastewater treatment
Identification
Pollution prevention
Industrial wastewater treatment
Identification
Pre-treatment system to remove the pollutants
Industrial wastewater treatment
Identification
Ideally, it is common for industries that
generate large volumes of waste water with
high concentration of organic matter (oils,
ammonia, VOC)
Industrial wastewater treatment
Identification
ensure that the flow of water will not harm the
crop and prevent the diffused kind of soil
Contour Plowing
Identification
covering the soilwhere only the crop is seen and create a more favorable environment for plant growth and development
crop mulching
Identification
planting different plants to improve soil health and
optimize nutrients in the soil and combat pest
Crop Rotation
Identification
completes their cycles in more than two planting season, not
seasonal
Planting perennial crops
Identification
done to avoid damaging of crops and soil during typhoon
Installing riparian buffers
Identification
Such as discharges from the treatment of
urban wastewater, industry and fish farms
are defined as stationary locations or fixed
facilities from which pollutants are
discharged
Point source wastewater treatment
Identification
Also known as waste disposal
Waste Management
Identification
All activities and actions required to manage waste
from its inception to its final disposal
Waste Management
Identification
Commonly known as trash or garbage
Municipal Solid Waste
Identification
Refers to the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
Waster Hierarchy
Identification
Aim is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste
Waster Hierarchy
Identification
Normally represents the progression of a product or material through these sequential stages of the pyramid of waste management
Waster Hierarchy
Identification
Refers to how long you can generate a particular
product into a disposable waste
Life cycle of a product
Identification
Is the reduction of the environmental impact from
the production and consumption of goods
Resource Efficiency
Identification
From raw materials to last-used and disposal
Resource Efficiency
Identification
Can address sustainability
Resource Efficiency
Identification
Is a principle where the polluting party pays for the
impact cause to the environment
Polluter-pays Principle
Identification
Whenever you violate the law of waste disposal
you must pay for an appropriate fine for sanctions
Polluter-pays Principle
Identification
Requirement of generator to proper dispose
unrecoverable material
Polluter-pays Principle
Enumeration
Give 7 Disposal Methods
landfill
Incineration
recycling
reuse
energy recovery
pyrolysis
resource recovery
Identification
Is any kind of waste that contains infectious material
Medical Waste
Identification
Waste generated by healthcare facilities
Medical Waste
Identification
Refers to all wastes suspected to
contain PATHOGENS or TOXINS in
sufficient concentration that may
cause disease to a SUSCEPTIBLE
HOST
Infectious Waste
Identification
includes discarded materials or
equipment used for diagnosis,
treatment and management of
patients with infectious disease
Infectious Waste
Identification
Refers to tissue sections and body
fluids or organs derived from biopsies
or surgical procedures sent to the
laboratory for examination
Pathological and Anatomical Waste
Identification
e is a subgroup of
pathological waste that refers to
recognizable body parts usually from
amputation procedure
Anatomical Waste
Identification
Refer to waste items that can cause
cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds
Sharps
Identification
MOST DANGEROUS health care waste
Sharps
Identification
Refers to discarded chemicals (solid,
liquid, or gaseous) generated during
DISINFECTION and STERILIZATION
procedures
Chemical Waste
Identification
Wastes with high content of heavy
metals and their derivatives
Chemical Waste
Identification
with health and environmental hazards
Toxic
Identification
acid of pH <2.0 and bases of pH >12.0
Corrosive
Identification
with flash point below 60 degrees Celsius
Flammable
Identification
explosive with water
Reactive
Identification
includes the description, instruction of how to use
and classification of the chemical
(SDS) Safety Data Sheets
Identification
Refers to expired, spilt and
contaminated pharmaceutical
products, drugs, and vaccines
including discarded items used in
handling pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceutical Waste
Identification
Includes antineoplastic, cytotoxic, and
genotoxic wastes such as drugs used in
oncology or radiotherapy and
biological fluids from patients treated
with the said drugs
Pharmaceutical Waste
Identification
Refers to wastes exposed to
radionuclides including radioactive
diagnostic materials or
radiotherapeutic materials
Radioactive Waste
Identification
Residues from shipment of radioactive
materials and unwanted solutions of
radionuclides intended for diagnostic
or therapeutic
Radioactive Waste
Identification
This is highly hazardous form of medical waste
genotoxic waste
Identification
substances that can cause an abnormal disease to the fetus
teratogens (genetic alterations causing
malfunctions)
Enumeration
Genotoxic Waste may be:
Carcinogenic
Tetragenic
Mutagenic
Identification
It can include cytotoxic drugs intended
for use in cancer treatment
Genotoxic Waste
Identification
Non-hazardous waste
General Non-Regulated Medical Waste
Identification
This type doesn’t pose any particular chemical, biological, physical or radioactive danger
General Non-Regulated Medical Waste
Identification
Waste are subjected to combustion so as to
convert them into residue and gaseous
products
Incineration
Identification
Most common way back; Before 1997
Incineration
Identification
Used on pathological waste (Body parts or recognizable tissues
are incinerated till it becomes residue or ash)
Incineration
Identification
Use of steam sterilization to render waste
harmless and is an efficient wet thermal
disinfection process
Autoclave
Identification
Uses pressure and heat
Autoclave
Identification
Usual setting is at 121 degrees
Celcius with a pressure of 15 psi
for 15 to 30 minutes
Autoclave
Identification
Steam under pressure
Autoclave
Identification
Use biological indicators
Autoclave
Identification
Use in sterilizing glasswares and
laboratory apparatus
Autoclave
Identification
Use in sterilizing glasswares and laboratory apparatus
Microwave
Identification
Technology that typically incorporates some type of size reduction device
Microwave
Identification
Destroys waste by moist heat and denature structural proteins
Microwave
Identification
Chemicals like sodium hypochlorite,
hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid,
and heated alkali are added to health care
wastes to kill or inactivate present
pathogens
Chemical Disinfection
Identification
5% sodium hypochlorite is the
recommended concentration for chemical
disinfection
Chemical Disinfection
Identification
May generate chemical waste
Chemical Disinfection
Identification
Uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate
health care wastes
Biological Process
Identification
The resulting by-product is put through an
extruder to remove water for wastewater
disposal
Biological Process
Identification
The resulting by-product is put through an
extruder to remove water for wastewater
disposal
Biological Process
