Environmental Factors

Question 1

what ways may genetic errors occur?

Answer 1

inherited
viruses
exposure to chemicals/ radiation

Question 2

where do you find cancer of the mouth?

Answer 2

tongue
buccal tissues
lips
salivary glands
gums

Question 3

what type of mouth cancer accounts for 90% of cases?

Answer 3

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 4

where do you find head and neck cancer?

Answer 4

throat
larynx
salivary glands
nose
nasal
sinuses
lips
skin

Question 5

in the past 30 years what percentage increase has there been for oral cancer?

Answer 5

400%

Question 6

are males or females most likely to get oral cancer?

Answer 6

males

Question 7

what age group are most susceptible to oral cancer?

Answer 7

over 55

Question 8

what are the risk factors for oral cancer?

Answer 8

tobacco
alcohol
poor diet
immunological defect
sunlight
previous cancer
genetic conditions

Question 9

how much does risk increase with alcohol and tobacco?

Answer 9

24 times

Question 10

what does alcohol and tobacco do to the oral mucosa?

Answer 10

thinning and atrophy making it more susceptible to carcinogens entering epithelial barrier

Question 11

what are examples of chemicals in tobacco smoke?

Answer 11

carbon monoxide
arsenic
formaldehyde
cyanide
benzene
toluene
acrolein
acetaldehyde

Question 12

how many years does it take after smoking to become a “non smoker”?

Answer 12

20

Question 13

what are the cancer causing chemicals found in smoking?

Answer 13

tar
arsenic
polyacrylic aromatic hydrocarbons
nitrosamines
acrolein
hydrogen cyanide
CO
ammonia

Question 14

what are cultural tobacco habits associated with increased risk?

Answer 14

betel nut
seed of the areca catechu
slaked line (calcium hydroxide)
spices

Question 15

what continent has biggest prevalence of oral cancer?

Answer 15

Asia

Question 16

What does betel nut contain that increases risk of oral cancer and why?

Answer 16

arecoline - alkaloid has been shown to stimulate collagen synthesis by 170%

tannis - increase resistance of collagen degradation

Question 17

what are the effects of pan on the oral cavity?

Answer 17

increased scarring (bands of collagen in buccal mucosa)
trismus due to denseness in buccal mucosa, tongue and lips

Question 18

how is alcohol carcinogenic?

Answer 18

when it is metabolised it becomes acetaldehyde which is a mutagen and carcinogen

Question 19

where in the oral cavity is alcohol metabolised?

Answer 19

salivary glands
mucosa
oral bacteria

Question 20

what enzyme breaks down ethanol to acetaldehyde?

Answer 20

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

Question 21

What enzyme breaks down acetaldehyde to acetate?

Answer 21

aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Question 22

What are the end products of oxidation of ethanol?

Answer 22

CO2 and H2O

Question 23

What are the alcohol recommendations for women?

Answer 23

daily - 2 units
weekly - 14 units
at least 2 alcohol free days per week

Question 24

what are the alcohol recommendations for men?

Answer 24

daily - 2 units
weekly - 14 units
at least 2 alcohol free days per week

Question 25

how many units of alcohol is a binge for a woman?

Answer 25

6

Question 26

how many units of alcohol is a binge for a male?

Answer 26

8

Question 27

why is alcohol limit lower for females?

Answer 27

higher proportion of body fat and less water so concentration of alcohol in body water is higher

Question 28

why do woman have higher blood alcohol levels?

Answer 28

lower gastric ADH activity

Question 29

how much higher is blood alcohol level in women compared to men?

Answer 29

1/3rd higher

Question 30

what nutrients does a poor diet lack?

Answer 30

vit c
vit e
antioxidants
zinc
beta-carotene
folate

Question 31

how does folate affect oral cavity?

Answer 31

thin mucosa readily accessible for carcinogens