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Oral Cancer > Benign and malignant disease > Flashcards

Benign and malignant disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is the size of a cell population determined by?

A

rates of cell proliferation, differentiation, and death by apoptosis

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2
Q

what is cell division balances by?

A

cell loss

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3
Q

how may cell numbers be altered?

A
  • rates of stem cell input
  • cell death due to apoptosis
  • rate of proliferation/ differentiation
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4
Q

what is regeneration of cell population controlled by?

A

chemical factors in the micro-environment of the cell - stimulators and inhibitors

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5
Q

how may growth occur?

A

shortening cell cycle time
recruiting cells from resting or quiescent population

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6
Q

what type of cells cant replicate and give an example?

A

terminally differentiated cells - monocytes

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7
Q

what does quiescent mean?

A

dormant

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8
Q

what type of cells are normally quiescent but can proliferate when needed to?

A

differentiated cells in liver/ kidney

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9
Q

what type of cells are short-lives and incapable of replicating but may be replaced by new cells arising from stem cells?

A

terminally differentiated mature cells in the epithelia of the oral cavity, gut and skin

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10
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

pre-programmed cell death

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11
Q

give examples of inhibitors?

A

growth factors
cell matrix components
viral proteins

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12
Q

give examples of inducers?

A

withdrawal of GFs
loss of matrix attachment
viruses
free radicals
ionising radiation
DNA damage
Fas ligand/ CD95 interaction

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13
Q

what are molecular mediators and regulators of the extrinsic pathway for apoptosis?

A

death receptors - CD95/ Fas ligand

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14
Q

what are molecular mediators and regulators of the intrinsic pathway for apoptosis?

A

increased mitochondrial permeability
Bcl-2 family
Cytpchrome c/Apaf-1

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15
Q

what are examples of diseases that increase apoptosis?

A

AIDS
Neurodegenerative disorders
Reperfusion injury

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16
Q

what are examples of diseases that decrease apoptosis?

A

neoplasia
autoimmune disease

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17
Q

what are the disorders of growth and neoplasia?

A

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
hypoplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia

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18
Q

what is hypertrophy and what cells does it affect?

A

increase cell size

  • muscle, skeletal or cardiac
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19
Q

what is hyperplasia and what cells does it effect?

A

increase cell number

  • hormonally sensitive organs (endometrium, thyroid, breast
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20
Q

what is atrophy and what cells does it affect?

A

reduction cell size (loss of cell substance)

  • thyroglossal duct
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21
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

reduction size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size

  • developmental defect
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22
Q

what is metaplasia and what does it affect?

A

one cell replaced by another cell - reversible

adaptive response to stress

mesenchymal tissues

23
Q

what disorder of growth is irreversible?

A

hypoplasia

24
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

abormal growth

25
Q

how does neoplasia occur?

A

aberration of normal mechanisms that control cell number

26
Q

are most tumour cells monoclonal?

A

yes

27
Q

what does monoclonal mean?

A

all cells arise from one parent cell that has undergone a genetic change

28
Q

what is the growth pattern for benign tumours?

A

expand remain localised, typically well circumscribes and often encapsulated.

29
Q

what is the growth rate for benign tumours?

A

slow

30
Q

what are the clinical effects of benign tumours?

A

local pressure effects; hormone secretions

31
Q

what is the treatment for benign tumours?

A

local excision

32
Q

what is the histology of a benign tumour?

A

resembles tissue of origin

33
Q

what are the nuclei of benign tumours like?

A

small, regular and uniform

34
Q

what are mitoses of benign tumours?

A

few and normal

35
Q

what is a pleomorphic adenoma?

A

common benign salivary gland tumour

36
Q

what is the growth pattern of malignant tumours?

A

infiltrate locally then metastasize

37
Q

what is the growth rate for malignant tumours?

A

fast

38
Q

what are the clinical effects of malignant tumours?

A

local pressure and destruction

39
Q

what is the treatment for malignant tumours?

A

excision and additional therapy sometimes

40
Q

what is the histology of malignant tumours?

A

variable and many differ from tissue of origin

41
Q

what are the nuclei of malignant tumours like?

A

larger and pleomorphic

42
Q

describe mitoses of malignant tumours?

A

increased, often numerous and abnormal forms

43
Q

what does a pleomorphic adenoma become when it progresses to malignancy?

A

carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

44
Q

classify covering epithelia when benign and malignant

A

b - papilloma
m - carcinoma

45
Q

classify glandular epithelia when benign and malignant

A

b - adenoma
m - adenocarcinoma

46
Q

what is a prognosis?

A

prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease

47
Q

what are the 4 factors of a prognosis?

A

tumour type
tumour grade
tumour stage
other parameters

48
Q

what are tumour types?

A

aggressive and indolent

49
Q

how are tumours graded?

A

well-differentiated and poorly differentiated

50
Q

what are features of well differentiated tumour cells?

A

squamous with ‘prickles’ and keratinisation

51
Q

what is used to stage tumours?

A

TNM classification of malignant tumours

52
Q

what does TNM stand for when staging tumours?

A

T - extent of primary tumour
N - absence/ presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis
M - absence/ presence of distance metastasis

53
Q

how are tumours staged?

A

each component of TNM given a number - higher the number the more extensive the disease

e.g., T1N0M0

usually no M in pathological staging

Oral Cancer (5 decks)

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