Environmental Diseases Flashcards
Arsenic poisoning: where is it found, how does it work? What are the differences is presentation between Acute and chronic? What can chronic poisoning eventually lead to?
Arsenic is found in the soil and water. Arsenic interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Acute ingestion presents as GI and CNS disturbances and soon death. Chronic presents as a higher incidence of basil cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma on the hands/feet or sun exposed areas.
Lead poisoning- what are some of the clinical presentations, microscopic findings and radiological findings? How do you treat?
-lead interferes with heme synthesis, resulting in the accumulation of protoporphorins => anemia, gum lead line
- BASOPHILIC STIPPLING
- lead lines on x ray
Tx: chelation
Carbon monoxide poisoning: clinical presentation? How do you treat?
Cherry red discoloration. Half life is 4-5 hours- can decrease with 100% oxygen (reduces 4 fold) or hyperbaric O2 (reduces 10 fold)
Cocaine- what is the metabolite? How does Cocaine work? What are common clinical symptoms?
Benzolecognine. Cocaine works by blocking the uptake of dopamine resulting in the clinical presentation of tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction and potentially an MI
Heroin- metabolite? How do you treat? What are common clinical presenting signs?
6-monoacetylmorphine. Can present with sudden respiratory death,kin popping, pulmonary edema?
Tx: methadone
Thermal injury- first degree vs second vs third
First degree burn- epidermis
Second degree burn- dermis
Third degree burn- subcutaneous/muscle
Hyperthermia- common causes, and mechanisms of how these situations can cause the physical presentation
Heat cramps- loss of electrolytes
Exhaustion- hypovolemia
Stroke- rhabdo, inherited malignant hyperthermia
Hypothermia: what temp defines it? Direct vs indirect?
Temperature < 90 degrees F
Direct- crystallization
Indirect- vasoconstriction => ischemia
Electric injury- alternating current vs direct (which is worse)
What is the voltage that defines low voltage vs high- symptoms?
Alternating current is worse
600 volts is the line between low voltage (tingling < can’t let go < v fib) and high voltage (charring of body)
Radiation: key changes to the body?
Fibrovascular changes resulting in intimal thickening of the blood vessels
What are the categories of Blunt force injury
Abrasions
Contusions
Lacerations
Abrasions-
Scraping of epidermis. Can have pattern abrasions
Contusions
Bruising- changing color is not reliable to determine age of wound
Lacerations
NOT A CUT/SHARP FORCE. still a blunt force injury
Typically have tissue bridging
Senile ecchymosis
Not from abuse- can be from a blood draw or spontaneous. They have more fragile skin that can be prone to bleeding more
