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Determinants of Health > Environmental Determinants of Health - Session 1 > Flashcards

Environmental Determinants of Health - Session 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major classes of infectious agents?

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths

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2
Q

Definition of diarrhea

A

the pass of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day

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3
Q

Why can diarrhea be deadly?

A

water and electrolytes are lost, dehydration occurs, and severe dehydration can lead to death

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4
Q

diarrhea that lasts several hours, and includes cholera

A

acute watery diarrhea

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5
Q

dysentery

A

acute bloody diarrhea

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6
Q

diarrhea that last 14 days or longer

A

persistent diarrhea

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7
Q

Which infectious agent accounts for 85% of all diarrhea deaths worldwide

A

rotavirus - and there is a vaccine for it!

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8
Q

How is diarrhea treated?

A

rehydration, zinc supplements, nutrient rich food, and antibiotic treatment

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9
Q

What is an oral rehydration solution?

A

A mixture of clean water, salt, and sugar

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10
Q

What is the interplay between diarrhea and malnutrition?

A

It’s more likely to cause death in malnourished children - they can’t invest the nutrients of the little food they are taking in

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11
Q

an acute intestinal infection cause by ingestion of contaminated food or water - has a short incubation period and produces an enterotoxin that causes copious painless watery diarrhea

A

cholera

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12
Q

What is the lifecycle of cholera?

A

aquatic reservoir - human host - contaminated food and water

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13
Q

What are the environmental factors that effect cholera outbreaks over time?

A

plankton levels in the water and the water temperature

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14
Q

How do we treat cholera infections?

A

oral rehydration solution and itnerevenous fluids with antibiotics

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15
Q

What is the main cause of death with cholera?

A

dehydration

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16
Q

A microscopic parasite that is the leading cause of diarrheal disease in the US - infects both animals and humans, has an outer shell that makes it tolerant to chlorine disinfectance

A

cryptosporidium

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17
Q

What is the main symptom of cryptosporidium?

A

diarrhea

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18
Q

Which population within NYC is at greatest risk of a crypto infection?

A

immunocompromised patietns

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19
Q

Why is cryptosporidium such a problem in our drinking water?

A

tolerant to chlorine, and has animal reservoirs

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20
Q

What are some known health effects associated with arsenic exposure?

A

skin lesions, cancers, cardiovascular problems,and otehrs

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21
Q

How is arsenic eliminated from our bodies?

A

methylation

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22
Q

What helps to methylate arensic?

A

folate supplements

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23
Q

What are the strategies for arsenic mitigation?

A

well switching, and dig deeper wells

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24
Q

What was the finding of the global enteric multi center study?

A

the school based education intervention lead to a significant reduction urinary arsenic

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25
Q

What are some examples of bioaerosals?

A

viruses, bacteria, endotoxins, fungal spots, protozoa, algae, pollen, animal effluents

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26
Q

A heterogeneous conditions characterize by variable airflow obstruction that is partially or completely reversible with appropriate treatment

A

ASthma

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27
Q

drug for asthma

A

Albuterol

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28
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing

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29
Q

What does asthma result from

A

airway inflammation leading to allergic hyper responsiveness

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30
Q

What are some known risk factors of asthma?

A

allergies, smoking, obesity, exercise

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31
Q

What are some environmental factors that have been used to explain the epidemic?

A

dust mites and cockroaches, combustion by-products,, traffic, diesel exhaust, reduced viral exposure, reduced infectious diseases, lack of farm exposure, micronutrients, obesity, acetaminophen, phthalates,

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32
Q

the hypothesis that increased cleanliness has lead to an increase in number of allergic individuals

A

hygiene hypothesis

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33
Q

How are IgE antibodies involved in allergic reactions?

A

The creation of IgE antibodies results in an allergic reaction

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34
Q

What are the two stages of an asthma attack?

A

rapid bronchoconstriction and inflammation

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35
Q

How are allergies and asthma related?

A

an allergen often triggers an asthma attack

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36
Q

What is the atopic march?

A

the progression of allergic disease in the early stages of life

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37
Q

a substance (usually a protein) capable of inducing allergy or a specific hypersensitivity

A

an allergen

38
Q

What are some common allergens associated with asthma

A

dust mites, cockroach, cats, mice

39
Q

What is the revenant agent?

A

the actual protein on the source that causes the allergic reaction

40
Q

How does water become contaminated?

A

Waste seeps into the water, infectious agents are endemic, or get there through human excrement.

41
Q

What is the evidence that water sanitation leads to improved health

A

switching to ground instead of river, or filtering, and sanitation lead to the greatest reduction in infectious diseases, not antibiotics

42
Q

What are the federal regulations around E-waste?

A

none- shio it off to developing countries, where it is burned in open air, riverside acid baths, and dummping

43
Q

What are some new EPA regulations for municipal solid waste landfills?

A

bottom liner and leachate collection, must be treated - can’t be near airports, wetlands, or near earthquake faults

44
Q

To promote better management of solid waste, provided financial assistance for states to develop solid waste management plans

A

Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965

45
Q

Changed the emphasis from solid waste disposal to recycling and energy recovery - required the US PHS and EPA to police waste disposal

A

Resource Recovery Act os 1970

46
Q

significant changes in requirements for the control of hazardous waste storage, treatment, and disposal

A

resource Conservation Recovery Act on 1976

47
Q

Directed EPA to regulate disposal of all hazardous waste, treat contaminated surface water running off of landfills, and regulated wastewater sew sludge at landfills

A

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984

48
Q

What makes up garbage?

A

organic materials are the largest component that could be composted - plastics, metals, rubber, and textiles that could be reused or recycled

49
Q

Where is a lot of the hazardous waste stored?

A

shipped off to developing countries - always contains various hazard substances, child workers are often engaged in e-recycling, and there are many exposures known to be harmful to health - contaminates food, water, homes, and leads to perinatal exposures among others

50
Q

What are some strategies to better manage waste?

A

risk avoidance, risk containment, risk destruction

51
Q

What is one problem associated with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act?

A

excludes many hazardous wastes due to lobbying by industry leaders and oil companies - many hazardous materials aren’t being treated as such.

52
Q

What are some problems with recycled materials?

A

purity is not uniform, prices can greatly fluctuate, and lack of market development

53
Q

What are 3 simple ways to treat water for consumption?

A

chlorine, sunlight, filtration

54
Q

What factors influence water quantity?

A

number of people at a filling point, access to water containers, ability to store water, distance to water source, safety

55
Q

What is the best to worst ranking of defecation solutions?

A

toilets, latrines, defecation fields

56
Q

What are some ways to prevent fecal contamination in food or water sources?

A

The more latrines, the better, and family based latrines are better than community based - since no one maintains it

57
Q

What are the steps of a complete water treatment cycle?

A

Coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, storage

58
Q

What are 4 was fecal matter can be transmitted to food?

A

unclean hands, flies, social, or water sources

59
Q

What are three barriers to the Fecal oral transmission?

A

use toilets, drink safe water, hygiene and handwashing

60
Q

essential for calcium uptake - low levels can lead to osteoporosis and rickets

A

vitamin D

61
Q

Which UV light is blocked by the ozone?

A

UVB is blocked, expect for the longer wavelength portion, and UVC is blocked completely

62
Q

What is the relationship between sun exposure and vitamin D/

A

as sun exposure increases, vitamin d increases

63
Q

How does the ozone benefit our health/

A

ozone absorbs UV light, protecting us from harmful rays

64
Q

UVA

A

has longer wavelengths, transmitted by normal glass

65
Q

UVB

A

medium wavelengths

66
Q

UV-C

A

short wavelengths, absorbed by the sun

67
Q

how did we “fix” the ozone hole?

A

eliminated freon and other chloroflurocardon from refridgerators

68
Q

why are CFCs so bad?

A

they are catalysts that create chlorine ions - this splits up the ozone

69
Q

the shorter the wavelengths of light the ___ energy

A

more

70
Q

what happens with DNA absorbs energetic UV light

A

causes the DNA to mutate

71
Q

what happens when there are mutations in somatic cells?

A

cancer

72
Q

What are risk factor for skin cancer?

A

age genetics, environment, and personal habits

73
Q

Which UV causes most skin cancer?

A

UVB, since UVC is blocked

74
Q

What are the two skin cancers grouped under non-melanoma?

A

basal cell and squamous cell

75
Q

which is the most deadly form, accounting for 79% of all skin cancer deaths?

A

melanoma

76
Q

protects us from the sun by absorbing rays - people with darker skin produce more

A

melanin

77
Q

How does melanin protect us?

A

uv lights attach the pyrimidines rings structure, but uv is absorbed by melanin instead since it has a similar structure

78
Q

how do sunscreens work?

A

filters that allow some UV through at varying rates, but not all, in order to significantly decrease amount

79
Q

international, legally binding commitments that required industrialized countries to reduce/eliminatn ozone harming chemicals

A

The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol

80
Q

what are the four main factors of a cancerous cell?

A

malignancy and uncontrolled growth, clonal, and needs to accumulate mutations

81
Q

a disease of the somatic cells, due to mutation in growth control genes - requires multiple mutations

A

cancer

82
Q

the ability to spread to tissues or organs beyond where it originated from

A

metastasis

83
Q

normal functioning growth regulating genes

A

proto-oncogenes

84
Q

mutations that slow or block cell growth

A

tumor suppressor genes

85
Q

src

A

an example of an oncogene

86
Q

where did our molecular understanding from dance come from?

A

a retrovirus that captured protooncogenes that mutated into oncogenes

87
Q

Whats lead to the decrease in stomach cancer?

A

h pylori and reduction of salted or cured food

88
Q

What are some diseases associated with asbestos?

A

lung cancer, mesothelioma

89
Q

why has colorectal cancer increased?

A

red meat consumption, obesity and physical activity

90
Q

why has there been an increase in hepatocellular carcinoma??

A

HBV infection

91
Q

What makes aflatoxin carcinogenic?

A

a potent carcinogen pushed by a molt that created a specific codon mutation

92
Q

Why was breast cancer originally nun’s disease?

A

association with estrogen, women who have higher exposures are more at risk of breast cancer

Determinants of Health (3 decks)

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