Environmental crime, social/community prevention and Punishment Flashcards
What theory is environmental crime prevention inspired by? What techniques does it favour?
What two environmental sociologists argue broken windows makes members of the community intimidated?
-Inspired by broken windows theory. Stresses social control to prevent crime and anti-social behaviour.
-ASBOS, No-alchol zones, Curfews.
-Wilson and Keiling.
What is the criticisms of environmental crime prevention?
-Many of the same problems as with Situational Crime prevention.(e.g. displacement)
-Assumes criminals make a rational choice when they often do not.
-Can be implemented arbitrarily or in a discriminatory manner.
What is social and community crime prevention also known as?
What does it attempt to do? Who supports these methods?
What was David Cameron’s troubled families programme criticised as ?
-Also known as the actuarial approach(i.e. relating to the insurance industry).
-Identify those most at risk of committing crimes and intervening accordingly(e.g. parenting classes, pre-school classes, relationship counselling, various social and community programmes.)
-This is supported by left realists.
-David Cameron’s Troubled Families Programme was criticised as ‘hug a hoodie’.
What are the criticisms of social and community crime prevention?
-Troubled Families Programme independently assessed to have had no discernible effect on criminality.
-Ignores white-collar crime; assumes crime statistics are accurate.
-Marxists say it does nothing to resolve the structural inequalities inherent in capitalism.
What do left and right realists emphasise in regards to punishment? According to Althusser what is punishment apart of?
What two types of justice does Durkheim identify?
How is Durkheim’s view criticised?
-Right realists emphasise deterrence; left realists emphasise compensation/restoration.
-Society’s RSA’s.
-Durkheim identifies two types;
-Retributive justice (vengeful justice due to a strong collective conscience).
-Restitutive justice(compensation)
-Durkheim’s view is too simplistic: traditional societies often have restitutive rather than retributive, e.g. paying off a blood feud.
What three methods of punishment are considered preventitive? Describe them.
-Rehabilitation, Deterrence, Incapacitation.
-Rehabilitation- one key purpose of punishment is to rehabilitate the offender; to ensure that they reform their ways and do not go on to commit more crime in the future.
-Deterrence- significant punishments can act as a deterrent to other people considering committing the same crime. If someone receives a large fine or a long prison sentence for a particular misdemeanour, this could discourage other from acting the same.
-Incapacitation- some punishment, such as prison sentences, directly prevent crime in the sense that the criminal is not able to carry out further crimes because they are physically prevented from doing so. The most extreme example of doing this is the death sentence.
What are examples of compensation or restorative methods used for punishment? Describe them!
-Fines-some crimes are punished by paying a fine or financial compensation to cover the cost of the damage they have caused.
-Restorative justice-there are various approaches to restorative justice where people are encouraged to make ammends for their wrongdoing. This can include meeting their victims as well as carrying out activities that restore things to how they were prior to the crime.
What is retribution?
-For many in society, not least the victims of crime, punishment is about the criminal paying for their crime and for justice to be seen to be done. The criminal has caused harm and therefore some harm should be done to them in response.
What are the core themes of crime and deviance?
-Socialisation; Functionalist/ consensus views; anomie;strain theory;subcultural theories.
-Culture and identity: interactionist views; labelling;folk devils and moral panics; media; postmodern and late modern views; edgework; neo-tribes; globalisation.
-Social differentiation: social distribution of crime; gender, ethnicity, social class.
-Power and stratification: Marxist views, white-collar crime; corporate crime; state crime; media; social control; policing; crime prevention and the criminal justice system.
