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EXS PHYS > Environmental Challenges > Flashcards

Environmental Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

Environmental Challenges

A

Heat, Cold, Altitude

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2
Q

Heat stress

A

inability to dissipate excess heat (heat/humidity block dissipation ability)

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3
Q

Thermoregulation

A

ability of body to maintain constant internal temp

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4
Q

Thermoregulation cont.

A

-receptors in periphery and CNS detect temp changes
-Periphery
-CNS
=hypothalamus, Brain stem, Spinal cord (receive signal)

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5
Q

Factors determining thermoregulatory stress

A
  • ambient temp
  • relative humidity
  • wind speed
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6
Q

Humitidy

A
  • % of water vapor held in air
  • affects perception of thermal stress
  • Higher humidity limits evaporation (sweat)
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7
Q

Convection

A

air blows over surface of skin

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8
Q

conduction

A

physical contact between 2 or more surfaces

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9
Q

radiation

A

molecules in motion emit electromagnetic waves

most heat loss during rest

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10
Q

Evaporation

A

water on skin turns to vapor

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11
Q

Evaporation cont

A

-accounts for 80 % of heat lost during exercise, 20 % at rest

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12
Q

Circulatory and Metabolic Responses to Heat Stress

A
  • ^ HR and CO
  • Circulatory flow to peripheries to dissipate heat/Cool Blood
  • Reddens Skin
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13
Q

CMRTHS Cont.

A
  • body temp increases
  • oxygen uptake increases
  • glycogen depletion is hastened
  • muscle lactate levels increase
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14
Q

Body Fluid

A
  • sweating increases
  • blood volume decreases
  • loss of electrolytes
  • release of aldosterone and ADH
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15
Q

Electrolyte concentrations

A

-sodium, chloride, concentrations in sweat are lower in trained athletes. EXCEPT POTASSIUM

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16
Q

Body comp. and Fitness level

A
  • harder for fatties to dissipate heat

- greater CO=improves ability to dissipate heat

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17
Q

Heat Cramps

A
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • sodium deficit
  • neuromuscular fatigue
  • painful, involuntary muscle contractions
18
Q

Syncope

A

Fainting, dizziness or lightheadedness

  • excessive peripheral dilation
  • pooling of blood in legs
  • dehydration
  • reduction in CO
  • brain ischemia
19
Q

Heat Exhuastion

A

-heavy sweating
-dehydration
-sodium loss
-energy depletion
confused with heat stroke

20
Q

Heat Stroke

A
  • medical emergency
  • failure to dissipate heat
  • thermoregulatory center is overwhelmed
  • temp ^ 104 F/ 108 F ya dead
  • Cellular damage to organs and tissues
  • rapid cooling of body is needed
21
Q

Bulb things

A
  • dry bulb=air temp
  • wet bulb=temp as water evaps from it
  • black globe=absorbs radiated heat
22
Q

Mean body temp

A

mean body temp of skin and core temp

23
Q

Time course of adaptations

A

Cardio=1-5 days
Temp reg=5-8
Cons. of sodium chloride=3-9
all adaptations=up to 14 days

24
Q

Acclimation vs. acclimatization

A
  1. adaptation to artificial environment

2. natural environment

25
Q

Adaptations that occur

A
  • lower core temp at onset of sweating
  • increased heat loss via radiation and convection
  • increased plasma volume
  • decreased HR
  • decreased body core temp
  • decreased oxygen consumption
  • exercise economy improved
26
Q

Cold Stress/Receptors

A
  • monitor change and rate of decrease in temp
  • signal many different actions to occur
  • fewer amount than heat receptors
  • skin, abdominal viscera, and spinal cord
27
Q

Hypothermia

A
  • body temp 1-2 C below normal
  • body temp 2-4 C below
  • body temp below 32 C=death
28
Q

Cold responses

A
  • reductions in neuromuscular activity
  • reduction in force production
  • reduction in nerve conduction velocity
  • decreased heart rate
  • decreased time to peak power
  • bronchoconstriction in those with asthma
29
Q

Physiological adaptations to cold

A
  • vasodilation

- higher BMR

30
Q

Altitude Stress

A
  • 700 m (2300 ft)
  • 1524 m (5000 ft)
  • 2200 m (7217
31
Q

Hypoxia

A
  • compromised delivery of oxygen to target tissues
  • decrease in barometric pressure
  • reduced partial pressure of O
32
Q

Responses to altitude

A
  • increased resting HR
  • increased BP
  • increased pulmonary ventilation
  • increased depth and rate of breathing
  • decreased maximal O consumption
  • increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit blood concentrations
  • increased blood lactate concentrations
33
Q

Acute altitude exposure

A
  • respiratory water losses
  • increased urine production
  • increased hematocrit
34
Q

Chronic altitude exposure

A
  • release of epo from kidney to stimulate RBC production

- increased blood volume compensates for lower PO2

35
Q

Cardiac Output for altitude exposure

A
  • CO increased at rest and during submaximal ex.
  • decreased stroke volume, increased HR
  • peaks after 6-10 days at altitude
  • decrease in maximal stroke volume and maximal HR
36
Q

Short vs Long duration

A
  • short duration not really affected

- endurance running is affected (speed)

37
Q

Optimal alt. performance

A
  • compete within 24 hours
  • train at 1,500 to 3,000 m above for min of two weeks
  • increase VO2 max at sea level to be able to compete at a lower relative intensity
38
Q

Alt. Sickness

A
  • caused by reduction in partial pressure of oxygen

- can lead to, pulmonary edema, cerebral edema

39
Q

Short term alt. adapts

A
  • pulmonary ventilation
  • release of EPO
  • hemoglobin
  • hematocrit
  • plasma volume
40
Q

Long term alt. adapts

A
  • Mito. and cap density
  • pulmonary diffusing
  • mito enzymes increase
  • resp. chain enzymes increase
  • cardiac output increase

EXS PHYS (3 decks)

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