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Infectious Agents > Environmental and Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Lead

A

Binds to sulfhydryl groups and interferes with calcium metabolism. Most commonly found in paint.

kids: interferes with the normal remodeling of cartilage and primary bone trabeculae in the epiphyses
adults: neuropathies- food and wrist drop

Inhibits the activity of d-aminolevulinic acid and dehydrtase and ferrochelatase involved in heme synthesis. –> microcytic hypochromic anemia stems from the suppression of hemoglobin synthesis

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2
Q

Mercury

A

Like lead, binds to sulfhydryl groups. Leads to damage in the CNS and kidney.

Contaminated fish

In utero exposure –> Minamata disease: cerebral palsy, deafness, blindness

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3
Q

Arsenic

A

Found in soil, water, wood preservatives, herbicides.

Interferes with cellular metabolism.
Mechanism: defects in nucleotide excision repair in damaged DNA

2-8 wks post exposure- sensorimotor neuropathy

Chronic exposure to arsenic causes skin changes- hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis, usually on palms and soles. Can also develop lung, bladder, and skin cancers.

Exposure in water- respiratory disease

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4
Q

Cadmium

A

From batteries, fertilizers, and soil

Toxic to kidneys and lungs through the increased production of free radicals

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5
Q

Adverse affects of smoking

A
  1. Cancer of lung
  2. Chronic bronchitis emphysema
  3. Myocardial infarction
  4. Systemic atherosclerosis
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6
Q

Acute alcoholism

A

Depressant: affects reticular formations that modulate cerebral cortical activity –> disordered cortical, motor, and intellectual behavior

Higher blood levels- respiratory arrest

Hepatic steatosis: Fat droplets accumulate in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes.

Gastric changes-acute gastritis and ulceration

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7
Q

Chronic alcoholism

A

Affects all organs.
Chronic alcoholics suffer significant morbidity and have a shortened life span, related to damage in the liver, GI tract, CNS, cardiovascular system, and pancreas

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8
Q

Aspirin

A

Blocks the production of thromboxane A1 which may produce gastric ulceration and bleeding

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9
Q

Warfarin

A

Anticoagulant

Antagonist to vitamin K

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10
Q

Disorders associated w exogenous estrogen without progestin (unopposed estrogen)

A

Breast cancer, stroke, and venous thromboembolism- risk if higher in first 2 years of treatment and hypercoagulable states caused by prothrombin or factor V Leiden mutations

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11
Q

menopausal hormone therapy benefits

A

Protective effect against atherosclerosis and coronary disease in women younger than 60

Therapeutic window on the cardiovascular system

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12
Q

OCs on breast carcinoma

A

Do not increase breast cancer risk

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13
Q

OCs on endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer

A

Have a protective effect against these tumors

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14
Q

OCs on cervical cancer

A

May increase risk in women infected with HPV, but the increased risk may reflect greater sexual activity in women

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15
Q

OCs on thromboembolism

A

3-6 fold increased risk of venous thrmbosis and pulmonary thromboembolism due to a hypercoagulable state induced by elevated hepatic synthesis of coagulation factors

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16
Q

OCs on cardiovascular disease

A

Risk doubles in women older than 35 who smoke

17
Q

OCs on hepatic adenoma

A

There is an association b/w OCs and the tumor- appears as a large, solitary, and well-encapsulated mass

18
Q

Cocaine

A

Inhibits reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. Acts as a stimulant.

Cardio effects: tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction

CNS: Hyperpyrexia- controls body temp and seizures

Pregnancy: causes decreases in blood flow to the placenta- hypoxia and abortion

19
Q

Contusion

A

Due to blunt force injury to blood vessels w subsequent escape of blood into tissue

20
Q

Abrasion

A

Superficial excoriation of the epidermis

21
Q

Laceration

A

Jagged tear of skin w intact bridging blood vessels, nerves, and CT
Usually caused byt he force of a blunt object (baseball bat)

22
Q

Incision

A

Skin wound produced by a sharp object (knife, razor)

- Sharp margins and severed bridging blood vessels

23
Q

Heat exhaustion

A
  • Moist and clammy skin
  • Pupils dilated
  • Normal or subnormal temp
24
Q

Heat stroke

A
  • Dry, hot skin
  • Pupils constricted
  • Very high body temp
25
Q

Hypothermia direct effects

A

High salt concentrations in cells caused by crystallization of intra and extra cellular water

26
Q

Hypothermia indirect effects

A

Result from circulatory changes. Slow chilling causes vasoconstriction and increase vascular permeability, leading to edema and hypoxia.

27
Q

Most sensitive to radiation

A

Gonads and blood/bone marrow

28
Q

Vitamin A

A

Maintains normal vision
Potentiates the differentiation of mucus-secreting epithelium
Stimulates the immune system
Growth and reproduction

29
Q

Vitamin D

A

Maintains adequate plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus to support metabolic functions, bone mineralization, and neuromuscular transmission

30
Q

Synthesis of vitamin d

A

Produced from the sun or ingested
Converted in the liver into 25(OH)D then kidney into 1,25(OH)2D
These new convertants stimulate the expression of RANKL- an important regulator of osteoclasts and osteoblasts- enhances the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus

31
Q

Vitamin C

A

Deficiency results in scurvy

Causes bone disease in growing children
Hemorrhages and healing defects in children and adults- poor vessel support results in bleeding tendencies

Important in collagen synthesis and antioxidant activity

32
Q

Regulation of energy balance

A

Adipose tissue send afferent signals to hypothalamus which is the regulator of appetite and satiety.

Decrease food intake by inhibiting anabolic circuits and exchange energy expenditure through the activation of catabolic circuits

33
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Caused by increased androgens, and insulin resistance

Increased adiposity
Glucose intolerance
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia

Increases in insulin and IGF-1 stimulate cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis and may contribute to tumor development

34
Q

3 aspects of diet that are of concern

A
  1. The content of exogenous carcinogens
  2. The endogenous synthesis of carcinogens from dietary components
  3. The lack or protective factors

Infectious Agents (8 decks)

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