Environment and Nutritional Pathology

Question 1

Organ mostly affected in air pollution.

Answer 1

Respiratory (lungs)

Question 2

Size of particles in soot that are more deleterious to health.

Answer 2

Fine or ultrafine particles (<10 um)

Question 3

Systemic asphyxiant; important cause of accidental and suicidal death; non-irritating colorless and odorless gas; also present in cigarette smoke; clinically characterized by cherry-red discoloration of skin and mucous membranes.

Answer 3

CO

Question 4

CO saturation where systemic hypoxia occurs.

Answer 4

20-30%

Question 5

CO saturation where coma and death occurs.

Answer 5

60-70%

Question 6

Microcytic hypochromic anemia, involvement of CNS (more common in children), and PNS (more common in adults), and skeletal system are manifestations of poisoning with this heavy metal.

Answer 6

Lead

Question 7

Primary targets of mercury poisoning.

Answer 7

Kidney and CNS

Question 8

Forms of mercury that are more associated with CNS damage due to their lipophilic properties.

Answer 8

Metallic and organic

Question 9

Poison of king, King of poisons; targets are CVS, GIT and CNS; trivalent compounds are usually toxic; and can cause lung, bladder and skin cancers.

Answer 9

Arsenic

Question 10

Heavy metal that is preferentially toxic to kidneys; primary targets are lungs and bones; associated with Itai-Itai disease.

Answer 10

Cadmium

Question 11

Most readily preventable cause of death in humans.

Answer 11

Smoking

Question 12

Addictive substance in tobacco smoke.

Answer 12

Nicotine

Question 13

Most commonly abused substance.

Answer 13

Alcohol

Question 14

Organs systems most affected in acute alcohol intoxication.

Answer 14

CNS, GIT and liver

Question 15

Most common thermal injury; most common causes are fire and scalding.

Answer 15

Thermal burns

Question 16

Common causes of death in burn patients.

Answer 16

Shock, sepsis and respiratory insufficiency

Question 17

Most common hyperthermia syndrome.

Answer 17

Heat exhaustion

Question 18

Two forms of injury caused by electrical injury.

Answer 18

Cardiac/neurologic (arrhythmias and cardiac and respiratory failure), and burns

Question 19

Clinical consequences of ionizing radiation.

Answer 19

Cell death, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis

Question 20

PEM caused by a decrease in both protein and calorie intake, and weight falls below 60% of normal for sex, height and age. Serum albumin is normal or slightly reduced.

Answer 20

Marasmus

Question 21

PEM, which occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than reduction in total calories; associated with generalized edema (due to hypoalbuminemia), flaky paint appearance of the skin, alternating bands of pale and dark hair, enlarged fatty liver, apathy, listlessness and loss of appetite; there is also mucosal atrophy and loss of villi in the small bowel (Making them lactose intolerant initially).

Answer 21

Kwashiorkor

Question 22

Self-induced starvation, resulting in marked weight loss; has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder.

Answer 22

Anorexia nervosa

Question 23

A condition wherein a patient binges on food and then induces vomiting; more common than anorexia nervosa.

Answer 23

Bulimia

Question 24

Deficiency of this vitamin causes night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, Bitot spots, and eventually, corneal ulceration.

Answer 24

Vitamin A

Question 25

Condition in children as result of vitamin D deficiency causing the following signs and symptoms: Craniotabes (parietal bones buckle inward with pressure), frontal bossing of the head, rachitic rosary, pigeon breast deformity, lumbar lordosis, and bow legs.

Answer 25

Rickets

Question 26

Deficieny of this vitamin causes impaired collagen formation, leading to gum bleeding, easy bruisability, and impaired wound healing.

Answer 26

Vitamin C

Question 27

Deficiency of this vitamin leads to rickets and osteomalacia.

Answer 27

Vitamin D

Question 28

Symptoms of cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, and corneal vascularization results from deficiency of this vitamin.

Answer 28

Vitamin B2 deficiency

Question 29

Symptoms of cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, and peripheral neuropathy.

Answer 29

Vitamin B6 deficiency

Question 30

Deficiency of this trace element leads to a condition, characterized by periorificial distribution of lesions, called acrodermatitis enteropathica.

Answer 30

Zinc