Environment and Nutritional Pathology Flashcards
Organ mostly affected in air pollution.
Respiratory (lungs)
Size of particles in soot that are more deleterious to health.
Fine or ultrafine particles (<10 um)
Systemic asphyxiant; important cause of accidental and suicidal death; non-irritating colorless and odorless gas; also present in cigarette smoke; clinically characterized by cherry-red discoloration of skin and mucous membranes.
CO
CO saturation where systemic hypoxia occurs.
20-30%
CO saturation where coma and death occurs.
60-70%
Microcytic hypochromic anemia, involvement of CNS (more common in children), and PNS (more common in adults), and skeletal system are manifestations of poisoning with this heavy metal.
Lead
Primary targets of mercury poisoning.
Kidney and CNS
Forms of mercury that are more associated with CNS damage due to their lipophilic properties.
Metallic and organic
Poison of king, King of poisons; targets are CVS, GIT and CNS; trivalent compounds are usually toxic; and can cause lung, bladder and skin cancers.
Arsenic
Heavy metal that is preferentially toxic to kidneys; primary targets are lungs and bones; associated with Itai-Itai disease.
Cadmium
Most readily preventable cause of death in humans.
Smoking
Addictive substance in tobacco smoke.
Nicotine
Most commonly abused substance.
Alcohol
Organs systems most affected in acute alcohol intoxication.
CNS, GIT and liver
Most common thermal injury; most common causes are fire and scalding.
Thermal burns
Common causes of death in burn patients.
Shock, sepsis and respiratory insufficiency
Most common hyperthermia syndrome.
Heat exhaustion
Two forms of injury caused by electrical injury.
Cardiac/neurologic (arrhythmias and cardiac and respiratory failure), and burns
Clinical consequences of ionizing radiation.
Cell death, teratogenesis, and carcinogenesis
PEM caused by a decrease in both protein and calorie intake, and weight falls below 60% of normal for sex, height and age. Serum albumin is normal or slightly reduced.
Marasmus
PEM, which occurs when protein deprivation is relatively greater than reduction in total calories; associated with generalized edema (due to hypoalbuminemia), flaky paint appearance of the skin, alternating bands of pale and dark hair, enlarged fatty liver, apathy, listlessness and loss of appetite; there is also mucosal atrophy and loss of villi in the small bowel (Making them lactose intolerant initially).
Kwashiorkor
Self-induced starvation, resulting in marked weight loss; has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder.
Anorexia nervosa
A condition wherein a patient binges on food and then induces vomiting; more common than anorexia nervosa.
Bulimia
Deficiency of this vitamin causes night blindness, xerophthalmia, keratomalacia, Bitot spots, and eventually, corneal ulceration.
Vitamin A
Condition in children as result of vitamin D deficiency causing the following signs and symptoms: Craniotabes (parietal bones buckle inward with pressure), frontal bossing of the head, rachitic rosary, pigeon breast deformity, lumbar lordosis, and bow legs.
Rickets
Deficieny of this vitamin causes impaired collagen formation, leading to gum bleeding, easy bruisability, and impaired wound healing.
Vitamin C
Deficiency of this vitamin leads to rickets and osteomalacia.
Vitamin D
Symptoms of cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, dermatitis, and corneal vascularization results from deficiency of this vitamin.
Vitamin B2 deficiency
Symptoms of cheilosis, glossitis, dermatitis, and peripheral neuropathy.
Vitamin B6 deficiency
Deficiency of this trace element leads to a condition, characterized by periorificial distribution of lesions, called acrodermatitis enteropathica.
Zinc
