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Phase test > Environment And Biodiversity > Flashcards

Environment And Biodiversity Flashcards

0
Q

When was biological diversity consolidated as a concept?

A

1970s and early 1980s

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1
Q

What is biological diversity?

A

Variability among living organisms from all sources

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2
Q

What was biodiversity originally called?

A

‘Number of species present’

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3
Q

What 3 levels is biodiversity considered at?

A
  1. Organismal (I.e species diversity)
  2. Ecological (community) biodiversity or functional diversity
  3. Genetic Diversity
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4
Q

Myers et al (2000) incentivised ‘biodiversity hotspots’ what are these?

A

Exceptional concentrations of endemic species that are undergoing exception loss of habitat

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5
Q

Give an example of a biodiversity hotspot?

A

44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% in four vertebrate groups are concentrated to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of earth

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6
Q

What do all hotspots not contain?

A

Threatened species

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7
Q

Name some endangered species?

A 
Pandas
Turtles
Polar Bears
Corals
Silverback Gorrillas
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8
Q

What did the HM Government (2007) say about the natural environment?

A

‘Secure a healthy natural environment for today and the future’

Also

‘Living within the environmental limits’

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9
Q

What was the HM Governments (2007) vision for a sustainable future?

A

Secure a diverse, healthy and resilient natural environment. Provides good well-being, health, prosperity for now and future. And services from natural environment are reflected in decision making

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10
Q

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How many FTE jobs were created in nature and landscape conservation?

A

8600

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11
Q

Economic Value of Biodiversity: how much forestry employment was attributed to establishment and management of semi natural woodland?

A

25%

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12
Q

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How many jobs do green agricultural systems support and contribute?

A

27000 jobs

$400 million in value

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13
Q

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How many jobs do commercial fisheries support?

A

13,600

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14
Q

Economic Value of Biodiversity: How much is rural tourism dependant on landscapes and wildlife. How many jobs are created?

A

50%

180,000 jobs

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15
Q

What is the biodiversity 2020 plan?

A

To halt biodiversity loss. Support well functioning ecosystems an ecological networks. With more and better places for the benefit of nature and people

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16
Q

What happened in 1992 and was signed by 159 governments?

A

Convention on Biological Diversity or the ‘Rio Convention’

Was the first treaty to provide a legal framework for biodiversity conservation

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17
Q

What happened between 1994-1995?

A

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK-BAP) set 20 year targets

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18
Q

What happened in 2010?

A

The international year of biodiversity.

190 countries signed a global agreement to halt the decline, but no country met the 2010 target

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19
Q

What happened in 2011?

A

National Environment White Paper

Detailed how the gov will respond to Nagoya commitments

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20
Q

What happened in 2013?

A

Biodiversity 2020

Built on the Natural Environment White paper sets objectives for 2020

21
Q

Name 6 species lost from the UK?

A 
Burbot - 1960
Lynx - Lost first century
Ivells Sea Anemone - 1983
Red Backed Shrike - 1988
Irish Lady Tresses - 1990s
Large Tortoiseshell - 1953
22
Q

How much did house sparrows decline between 1970 and 2008?

A

67%

23
Q

How many water voles disapeared from sites they were previously recorded at?

A

94%

24
Q

How many habitat specialist butterflies and butterflies have declined since 1970s?

A

93% specialist

76% of all butterflies

25
Q

How much decrease in moth population has there been between 1968 and 2002?

A

44%

26
Q

Name 4 invasive species?

A

Grey squirrel
Japanese Knot Weed
Red Squirrel
Killer Shrimp

27
Q

Name 3 species that have been reintroduced?

A

Eurasian Beaver
Large Blue Butterfly
Great Bustard

28
Q

Name 2 aspects in where environment is important to human health?

A

Air quality - air pollution increasing

Activity - many people doing little exercise

29
Q

Name 5 types of land use?

A 
Inland water
Forestry and woodland
Permanent grassland and rough grazing
Total droppable area
Other (inc built up areas)
30
Q

Water quality in rivers is slowly improving. In 2009 how much was above moderate in comparison to 2012?

A

34% - 09

39% - 12

31
Q

Has sustainable fisheries been increasing and by how much between 1990 and 2010?

A

Yes

1990 - 5/30%
2010 - 40/45%

32
Q

How many species and habitats are in decline. Also how many priority species were lost completely between 2002 and 2008?

A

Species - 30%
Habitats - 40%
Priority Species - 8

33
Q

Name the main factors of sites of special interest (SSSIs)

A
  • Designated under UK ‘Wildlife and Countryside act 1981’
  • ‘special interest’ due to flora, fauna or geology
  • legislation provides high level of protection
  • 6.1% of England area protected
  • biological an geological
34
Q

Name 3 key factors of a National Nature Reserve (NNRs)

A

Considered very best examples of SSSIs

Include most pristine habitats and rarest species

Area protected - 0.47% of England

35
Q

How many National Parks in UK?

A

15

36
Q

Name 4 main factors of Areas of Outstanding National Beauty (AONBs)

A
  • 46 areas
  • takes into account safeguarding local communities and economy
  • equivalent status of National Parks but no authorities
  • looked after by partnerships
37
Q

Name 3 main factors of SPAs and SACs?

A

They’re strictly protected by Conservation Regulations 1994

They’re part of European network of high quality conservation sites

All UK sites are also SSSIs

38
Q

What is an SPA?

A

Special protection area

For protection of rare as vulnerable species

39
Q

What is an SAC?

A

Protection of high quality habitats of significant conservation value

40
Q

Name some benefits to society ecosystems and biodiversity bring?

A

Soil fertility, purification of water, protection from UV radiation, climate regulation, photosynthesis, primary decomposition, nutrient recycling

41
Q

Name some factors of ecosystem services? 6 things…

A
  1. Critical in economic analysis and decision making
  2. Recognises the value of ESS and allows a more sustainable future
  3. Needs to be considered in Uk
  4. Decline in quality, 30%
  5. Faced with pop growth and climate change
  6. UK first to incorporate approach
42
Q

How much does woodland cover in the UK in 1980s compared to 1870s?

A

1870 - 5%

1980 - 7%

43
Q

What I the Dutch Elm Diasese?

A

Caused by fungi. Spread by beetles. First epidemic 1920-40. Lost 10-40% of elms. 2nd outbreak 1960s, led to death of majority of mature species. DED still persists today

44
Q

What is ash dieback?

A

Ash makes up 5% of UK woodland. Caused by fungal pathogen. Causes leaf loss, crown dieback and death. First confirmed in UK in 2012, 100k trees destroyed to stop spreading

45
Q

What’s the National Forest?

A

200 square miles of woodland linking 2 forests. Charnwood and Needwood forest.

800p hectares planted with woodlands, bought 1500ha of habitats

8milli trees planted, green over 6700 hectares

46
Q

Name some economic benefits of the National forest?

A

25% increase in planting
£1milli revenue generated
More habitats

47
Q

Marine ecosystems. Name 5 facts about them in the Uk?

A
  • 12,000km of Coast line
  • 108 SACs with marine components for marine habitats
  • 107 SPAs with a marine components
  • 31 MCZs to be designated
48
Q

How much fish stocks have been sustainable harvested in UK in 1990 and 2011?

A

1990s - 5/10%

2011 - 50%

49
Q

Who are fish fight and SOS?

A

Marine conservation zones. Designation of 31 out of 127 sites. SOS targeted 127.

50
Q

Name 8 issues which contribute to marine pollution?

A
  • nutrients
  • sediments
  • pathogens
  • toxic ants
  • oil
  • invasive species
  • plastics
  • ocean acidification
51
Q

Name an area of habitat restoration and what they done?

A

Flow country

Largest area of blanket bog. Covers 400k hectares. Estimated 400milli tonnes of carbon.

Used afforestation to restore. Wind farms. Became a UNESCO site, SSSI, SAC, SPA and Ramsay destination.

Phase test (4 decks)

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