Environment Flashcards
What is the main assumption of the Arithmetic Increase Method?
The population increases at a constant rate.
For which type of cities is the Arithmetic Increase Method suitable?
It is suitable for large and old cities with considerable development.
What is the basic assumption of the Geometric Increase Method?
The percentage increase in population is constant.
Which type of cities is the Geometric Increase Method most suitable for?
Young and rapidly developed cities
How does the Incremental Increase Method modify the Arithmetic Increase Method?
It incorporates a varying increment to account for changing population growth rates.
What is the Incremental Increase Method also known as?
It is known as the Method of Varying Increment.
What type of towns is the Incremental Increase Method suitable for?
It is suitable for average-sized towns under normal conditions.
What type of curve is obtained in the Logistic Curve Method?
An S-shaped curve is obtained under normal conditions when population is plotted with respect to time.It represents the population growth under normal conditions.
For which cities is the Master Plan Method most suitable?
It is suitable for big and metropolitan cities.
The master plan is generally prepared for the next 20–30 years.
What is the Comparative Graphical Method?
It involves extending the population curve by comparing it with the population curves of similar cities with similar growth conditions.it can predict population even in the absence of some past census reports.
What is done with the population data in the Graphical Method?
The population of a few decades is plotted on a scale, and the curve obtained is smoothly extended to predict future population.
What is the annual average domestic water consumption per capita in general?
135 liters per capita per day (lpcd).
What is the annual average domestic water consumption for high-income groups using a full flushing system?
200lpcd
What is the industrial water demand on average?
50-70 lpcd
How much water is used for public purposes such as parks?
10 lpcd
How much water is required to compensate for losses and theft?
55 lpcd, which is equivalent to 15%.
What is the total per capita water demand for a low-income group?
270 lpcd.
What is the total per capita water demand for a high-income group?
335 lpcd
What is max daily demand
1.8 * average daily demand
Max hourly demand
1.8* max daily demand
2.7* average daily demand
Total draft
Max daily demand+ fire demand or max hourly demand which is high
What are the two factors that affect the life of a tube well?
Incrustation and corrosion are the two factors affecting the life of a tube well
What is incrustation in water pipes caused by?
It is caused by the deposition of alkali salts on the inside walls of the pipe.
What causes corrosion in water pipes?
Corrosion occurs due to the action of acidic water on pipe material,
What is the deposition of ferric hydroxide () in metal pipes due to corrosion called?
Tuberculation
Best pipe laid under water
Cement concrete
What is the average lifespan of cement concrete pipes?
75 yrs
Why were cast iron pipes widely used in city water supply systems?
They were used because of their long lifespan, which is about 100 years.
What are infiltration galleries?
They are horizontal tunnels constructed at shallow depths along riverbanks to extract water from the aquifer using porous pipes.
Where are infiltration galleries constructed?
They are constructed in water-bearing strata along the banks of rivers.
Kuichiling formula
3182√p
Freemans formula
1136(p/5 +10)
Bustons formula
Q= 5663√p
Design period
Dam-50 yrs
Water treatment plant-30yrs
Main conveying pipe- 30
Water reservoir -15 yr
