Environment

Question 1

Regulation

Question 2

Taxation

Question 3

Economic and political influences

Question 4

Disease burden

Question 5

How does medical advancement impact burden of disease?

Answer 5

Improved prevention and health promotion
Early detection and diagnosis
Innovative treatments
Management of chronic conditions
Reduced mortality (or YLL)
Shift to geriatric care (care focused on conditions that affect older adults)

Question 6

Technology (for risk management, data and modelling)

Question 7

Distribution channel

Question 8

Consumption smoothing vs. precautionary saving.

Answer 8

In short, consumption smoothing is about planned, ongoing stability, while precautionary saving is about preparing for unpredictable disruptions.

Consumption smoothing: This focuses on maintaining a stable standard of living over time, ensuring individuals have access to goods and services throughout different life stages and can handle unexpected shocks like medical crises. It emphasises consistent consumption across different periods of life.

Precautionary saving: This involves saving as a safeguard against future uncertainties, such as personal or economic crises. The goal is to avoid drastic changes in consumption patterns, ensuring that unforeseen events (like job loss or economic downturns) don’t severely disrupt one’s lifestyle.

Question 9

Burden of disease metrics

Answer 9

Years of Life Lost (YLL) measures how a disease burden results in a loss of life years.
Years Lived with Disability (YLD) is the number of years lived with a disability or health condition.
The combination of YLL and YLD is the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), a comprehensive measure of the burden of disease.