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exam revision sem 2 > enviro > Flashcards

enviro Flashcards

1
Q

pollutant

A

a pollutant is a contaminent that results in, or can result in, adverse biological effects to resident biota.

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2
Q

pollution

A

pollution is the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance which has harmful or poisonous effects.

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3
Q

waste

A

waste is a material, substance or by-product eliminated or discarded as no longer useful or required after the completion of a process.

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4
Q

contaminent

A

a contaminent is a substance present where it does not naturally occur, or a substance found at concentrations above background levels.

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5
Q

pollutant sinks

A

a pollution sink is a process or place that removes a pollutant from the biogeochemical cycle by either storing it for a significant time or turning it into another substance.

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6
Q

risk

A

Risk is the likelihood of a hazard causing harm

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7
Q

hazard

A

a hazard is environmental factors which threaten or impair human health in some way.

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8
Q

Toxicity

A

toxicity is a mesure of the harm (through illness or death) that a substance can cause in humans and other living things

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9
Q

acute toxicity

A

acute toxicity is the adverse health effect from a single dose of the toxic substance

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10
Q

chronic toxicity

A

chronic toxicity refers to the adverse health effects of repeated exposure to the material over a relatively prolonged period (generally greater than a year)

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11
Q

lethal dose (LD50)

A

lethal dose is the dose of a substance that is sufficient to kill 50% of a specified test animal in a set time.x

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12
Q

threshold

A

a threshold is the point at which a level (or concentration) is reached at which an effect is observed

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13
Q

3 pathways

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Inhalation
  3. Absorption/Dermal Absorption
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14
Q

dosage

A

dosage is the amount of chemical absorbed per unit of body weight.

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15
Q

Exposure

A

exposure is a mesure of how much of a pollutant a person is exposed to in a given amount of time.

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16
Q

acute exposure

A

Acute exposure is short-term contact with a substance

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17
Q

chronic exposure

A

Chronic exposure is continuous or repeated contact with a substance over months or years

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18
Q

bioaccumulation

A

when an organism takes in a substance faster than the body can remove it, the amount of that substance increases in the body over time.

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19
Q

biomagnification

A

the increasing concentration of a chemical in organisms as you go up the food chain

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20
Q

bioaccessability

A

the proportion of a contaminant that can be dissolved in the stomach and absorbed in the intestines

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21
Q

point source of pollutant

A

point source emissions come from a single discharge point.

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22
Q

diffuse source of pollutant

A

diffuse source emissions enter the environment across a broad area, such as fertiliser run off from agricultral land.

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23
Q

fugative source of pollutant

A

fugative emissions escape from an instrument or facility separate to any designated outliers (such as a chimney stack)

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24
Q

mobile source of pollutant

A

mobile emissions come from mobile sources. Motor vehicles are the most common source of mobile emissions.

25
Q

transport mechanisms

A

the transport mechanisms, persistence, fate and toxicity of pollutants throughout earths four interrelated systems.

26
Q

limiting factor

A
27
Q

range of tolerance

A
28
Q

eutrophication

A
29
Q

dissolved oxygen

A

the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) will vary with:
1) water temp
2) salt content
3) microorganism abundence
4) exposed area of surface water
5) turbidity level
6) biomass of photosynthetic organisms.

30
Q

qualitative data

A
31
Q

quanitative data

A
32
Q

pollutant persistance

A
33
Q

pollutant mobility

A
34
Q

SMART indicators

A

S- simple
M- measureable
A- accessible
R- relevant
T- timely

35
Q

4 spheres of the earths environment

A

1) lithosphere
2) geosphere
3) atmosphere
4) biosphere

36
Q

ecological footprint

A

the demand a person or population makes on resources and services provided by natural ecosystems is known as their ecological footprint.

37
Q

sustainability principles

A

1) social
2) economic
3) environmental

38
Q

sustainability

A

Sustainability is considered to be development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

39
Q

conservation of biodiversity and ecological integrity

A

Maintenance of the abundance of different species living within a particular region, the genetic diversity in a population and the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its biotic and abiotic organisation and function in the face of changing environmental conditions, including a capacity for self-renewal.

40
Q

efficiency of resource use

A

Use of smaller amounts of physical resources to produce the same product or service while minimising environmental impact.

41
Q

intergenerational equity

A

Preserving natural resources and the environment for the benefit of future generations.

42
Q

intragenerational equity

A

Preserving natural resources and the environment for the benefit of the current generation.

43
Q

precautionary principle

A

A guideline that is triggered when the risk of harm to the environment due to a proposed action is high but the scientific evidence is uncertain, requiring that measures be taken to prevent environmental damage and that the proof of no, or minimal, harm be provided by the proposer.

44
Q

user pays principle

A

Calls upon the user of a service or resource to pay directly for the amount they use, rather than the cost being shared by all the users or a community equally.

45
Q

food security

A
46
Q

stakeholders

A

An individual, group or organisation involved in decision making related to an environmental case study, project or issue.

47
Q

aquaculture

A

Aquaculture is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish, algae, and other organisms in all types of water environments.

48
Q

hypothesis

A

A scientific hypothesis is the initial building block in the scientific method. Many describe it as an “educated guess,” based on prior knowledge and observation.

49
Q

experimental variables - control

A

A controlled variable is one which the researcher holds constant (controls) during an experiment. It is also known as a constant variable or simply as a “control”

50
Q

experimental variables - independant

A

An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable.

51
Q

experimental variables - dependant

A

The dependent variable is ‘dependent’ on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the effect on the dependent variable is observed and recorded.

52
Q

experimental accuracy

A

a measurement value is considered to be accurate if it is judged to be close to the ‘true’ value of the quantity being measured.

53
Q

experimental precision

A

refers to how closely a set of measurement values agree with each other.

54
Q

experimental validity

A

a measurement is said to be valid if it measures what it is supposed to be measuring.

55
Q

experimental reliability

A
56
Q

experimental reproductability

A

the closeness of the agreement between the results of measurements of the same quantity being measured, carried out under changed conditions of measurement.

57
Q

experimental repeatability

A

the closeness of the agreement between the results of successive measurements of the same quantity being measured, carried out under the same conditions of measurement.

58
Q

Dispersal

A

exam revision sem 2 (5 decks)

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