Envi sci Flashcards
refers to the number of individuals
living in a particular area from a village
to the whole world
Population
Total population now
8.1 billion
Population growth causes poverty and
environmental degradation
True
British Philosopher & Economist
Author
Thomas Malthus
Book of Thomas Malthus
An Essay on the Principle of
Population
According to him , human populations would
outstrip their food supply and
collapse into starvation, crime,
and misery.
Thomas Malthus
According to him, populations would continue to
expand until growth is stopped
or reversed by disease, famine,
war or calamity.
Thomas Malthus
Occurs when population growth outpaces agricultural production, causing famine or war, resulting in poverty and depopulation.
Malthusian catastrophe
A German Philosopher, Father of Communism
Karl Marx
According to him, population growth results from
poverty, resource depletion,
pollution, and other social ills.
Karl Marx
According to him, to slow population growth,
people must be treated justly,
and exploitation and oppression
be eliminated from social
arrangements
Karl Marx
The Poverty Cycle
- Family in poverty
- Child grows up in poverty
- Is significantly disadvantaged in education and skills
- Struggles to get a job
- Fail to escape the poverty cycle
Mathematical Biologist
Populations Professor
Rockefeller University, New York
Joel Cohen
He estimated the maximum human
population size the planet can
sustain.
Joel Cohen
based on his studies, the earth’s
carrying capacity has median
value of 10–12 billion
Joel Cohen
Professor Emeritus of Agricultural
Sciences, Entomology & Ecology
Cornell University
David Pimentel
“By 2100, if current trends
continue, twelve billion
miserable humans will
suffer a difficult life on
Earth.”
David Pimentel
Food supplies have increased faster than
population growth since Malthus’ time
True(sa optimist)
progress in agricultural productivity, engineering,
information technology, commerce, medicine,
sanitation, and other achievements of modern life
have made it possible to support approximately
1,000 times as many people per unit area as was
possible 10,000 years ago
True(sa optimist hehe)
The impact of human activities
measured in terms of the area
of biologically productive land
and water, required to produce
the goods consumed and to
assimilate the wastes
generated.
Ecological Footprint
the land and water area
we use and
NEEDED TO PRODUCE THE RESOURCES
to absorb our
wastes
footprint = DEMAND
the amount of biologically productive
resources we use
our
AREA AVAILABLE TO PROVIDE THE
and to absorb
waste
biocapacity = SUPPLY
The capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb waste materials generated by humans
Biocapacity
Biocapacity < footprint
Ecological Debtor / Ecological Deficit
Biocapacity > footprint
Ecological Creditor/Ecological Reserve
Professor
University of Maryland
Julian Simon
He said people are the ultimate resource
Julian Simon
According to him, no evidence shows that
pollution, crime, unemployment,
crowding, the loss of species, or
any other resource limitations
will worsen with population
growth.
Julian Simon
Danish Economist
Ester Boserup
According to him, an increase in population would
stimulate technologies to
increase food production
Ester Boserup
The mother of invention
Necessity
In times of
pressure, people will find ways
to increase food production by
increasing the workforce,
machinery, and fertilizers.
Boserup’s Theory
Birth rate is relatively higher than mortality rate
True
5 children every second
1-2 dies
True
2.5 humans per second average
True
how many people are added per year
around 75 million at 1.1% global rate
Was the most
populous country
throughout the twentieth
century;
China
Is expected
to pass China in the
twenty-first century
India
which had only 33
million residents in 1950, is
forecast to have 299
million in 2050
Nigeria
The physical ability to reproduce
Fecundity
The actual production of offspring
Fertility
The number of births in a year per thousand persons
Crude Birth Rate
The number of children born to
an average woman in a population during her entire
reproductive life
Total fertility rate
Births plus
immigration in a population is equal to the deaths
plus emigration.
Zero Population Growth
In most tribal or traditional societies, food shortages,
health problems, and cultural practices limit total
fertility to about 6 or 7 children per woman, even without
modern methods of birth control.
True
In most tribal or traditional societies, food shortages,
health problems, and cultural practices limit total
fertility to about 6 or 8 children per woman, even without
modern methods of birth control.
False
Fertility rates have declined dramatically
(which has something to do with modernization)
except in Africa over the past 50 years.
In brazil, true
The median age in Europe right now is
41.7 years
In Sub-Saharan Africa the median age is about .
17 years
The average family in Mexico in 1975, for instance, had
7 children. By 2010, however, the average Mexican
woman had only ____ …
2.3 children
Similarly, in Iran, total
fertility fell from 6.5 in 1975 to ___ in 2010.
2.04 children
China’s one-child-per-family policy decreased the
fertility rate from 6 in 1970 to ____ in 2010.
1.7 children
Are expressed in terms of the number of deaths per
thousand persons in any given year.
Crude death rates
Countries in Africa where health care and sanitation are
limited may have mortality rates of _____ per 1,000
people
20 or more, Africa
Wealthier Countries have mortality rates of around
10 per 1000
Lower Crude death rate country
Brazil
Crude death rate in Brazil
6 per 1000
Denmark crude death rate
12 per 1000
The number of deaths in a population is sensitive to the
population’s age structure
True
Is the average age that a newborn infant
can be expected to attain in any given society.
Life expectancy
Is the oldest age to which a species is known to
survive.
Life span
The oldest age that can be certified by written records
was that of
Jeanne Louise Calment
Jeanne Louise Calment’s age
122 years old
Where Jeanne Louise Calment lives?
Arles, France
Jeanne Louise Calment’s year of death
1997
The French supercentenarian
Jeanne Louise Calment
✔ For most of human history, life expectancy in most
societies probably was
35 to 40 years
The average life expectancy rose from about _______
years over the past 100 years.
40 to 67.2 years
✔ The 20th century saw a global transformation in
human health unmatched in history.
True
The greatest progress
was in .
Developing
countries
Longer lives were due
primarily to better
nutrition, improved
sanitation, clean water,
and education, rather
than to miracle drugs or
high-tech medicine.
True
Affect
decisions about family size,
which in turn affects the
population at large.
social and
economic pressures
Factors that increase people’s desires to have babies are called
Pronatalist pressures
Male pride often is linked to having as many children as possible.
True
Often
result in decisions to limit childbearing.
Higher education and personal freedom for women
A desire to spend
time and money on other goods and activities offsets the
desire to have children
True
✔ Education and socioeconomic status are usually
______ to fertility in richer countries.
inversely related
In some developing countries, however, fertility initially
increases as educational levels and socioeconomic
status rise.
True
The ______ in
the 1930s made it
economically difficult for
families to have children,
and birth rates were low.
Great Depression
followed World
War II, as couples were
reunited, and new families
started
baby boom
American Demographer
Founding Director, Office of
Population Research
Frank Notestein
He pointed out that a typical pattern
of falling death rates and birth
rates due to improved living
conditions usually accompanies
economic development (1945)
Frank Notestein
Explain connections between
population growth and economic
development
Demographic Transition Model
Total
fertility dropped by more than half in 20 years.
In Thailand, China, and Colombia,
All have seen fertility
rates fall by 30 to 40 percent in a single generation
Morocco, Jamaica, Peru, and Mexico
One of the most successful family planning advances in
recent years has been in ____, a predominantly Muslim
country.
Iran
That accompany development reduce the need and desire for large
families in most countries
Growing prosperity, urbanization, and social reforms
Is available to bring advances to the developing
world, and the rate of technology exchange is much faster
today
Technology
___________________ have historic patterns to follow.
They can benefit from the mistakes of more developed
countries and chart a course to stability relatively quickly.
Less-developed countries
Provide information about the benefits of and
methods for social change.
Modern communications
Allows couples to determine the number and
spacing of their children
Family planning
Gives us many more options for
controlling fertility than were available to our ancestors
Modern medicine
Vaccines for women are being developed and injections for
men are focused on reducing sperm production
True
Not only prevents
pregnancy, but it also reduces
pregnancy-related morbidity and
mortality, and reproductive
cancers
Contraception
Suggests that world
population might stabilize
below 8 billion by 2050.
Low projection
Shows a
population of about 9.4 billion
in 35 years,
Medium projection
Shows that the
population would reach nearly
12 billion by midcentury.
High projection
Successful family planning programs often require significant
societal changes
✔ improved social, educational, and economic status for women (birth
control and women’s rights are often linked)
✔ the knowledge, availability, and use of effective and acceptable
means of birth control
✔ acceptance of calculated choice as a valid element in life in general
and in fertility in particular (the belief that we have no control over
our lives discourages a sense of responsibility)
✔ improved status for children (fewer children are born if they are not
needed as a cheap labor source)
✔ social security and political stability that give people the means and
the confidence to plan for the future
Nearly half the world population lives in countries where the total fertility rate is at or close to the
replacement rate
True
The world reaching 8 billion is a catastrophe
False
After 2080s is a
plateau
the global population was growing peaked back in ____
1964
