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hci > Envi sci > Flashcards

Envi sci Flashcards

1
Q

refers to the number of individuals
living in a particular area from a village
to the whole world

A

Population

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2
Q

Total population now

A

8.1 billion

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3
Q

Population growth causes poverty and
environmental degradation

A

True

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4
Q

British Philosopher & Economist
Author

A

Thomas Malthus

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5
Q

Book of Thomas Malthus

A

An Essay on the Principle of
Population

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6
Q

According to him , human populations would
outstrip their food supply and
collapse into starvation, crime,
and misery.

A

Thomas Malthus

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7
Q

According to him, populations would continue to
expand until growth is stopped
or reversed by disease, famine,
war or calamity.

A

Thomas Malthus

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8
Q

Occurs when population growth outpaces agricultural production, causing famine or war, resulting in poverty and depopulation.

A

Malthusian catastrophe

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9
Q

A German Philosopher, Father of Communism

A

Karl Marx

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10
Q

According to him, population growth results from
poverty, resource depletion,
pollution, and other social ills.

A

Karl Marx

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11
Q

According to him, to slow population growth,
people must be treated justly,
and exploitation and oppression
be eliminated from social
arrangements

A

Karl Marx

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12
Q

The Poverty Cycle

A
  1. Family in poverty
  2. Child grows up in poverty
  3. Is significantly disadvantaged in education and skills
  4. Struggles to get a job
  5. Fail to escape the poverty cycle
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13
Q

Mathematical Biologist
Populations Professor
Rockefeller University, New York

A

Joel Cohen

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14
Q

He estimated the maximum human
population size the planet can
sustain.

A

Joel Cohen

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15
Q

based on his studies, the earth’s
carrying capacity has median
value of 10–12 billion

A

Joel Cohen

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16
Q

Professor Emeritus of Agricultural
Sciences, Entomology & Ecology
Cornell University

A

David Pimentel

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17
Q

“By 2100, if current trends
continue, twelve billion
miserable humans will
suffer a difficult life on
Earth.”

A

David Pimentel

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18
Q

Food supplies have increased faster than
population growth since Malthus’ time

A

True(sa optimist)

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19
Q

progress in agricultural productivity, engineering,
information technology, commerce, medicine,
sanitation, and other achievements of modern life
have made it possible to support approximately
1,000 times as many people per unit area as was
possible 10,000 years ago

A

True(sa optimist hehe)

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20
Q

The impact of human activities
measured in terms of the area
of biologically productive land
and water, required to produce
the goods consumed and to
assimilate the wastes
generated.

A

Ecological Footprint

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21
Q

the land and water area
we use and
NEEDED TO PRODUCE THE RESOURCES
to absorb our
wastes

A

footprint = DEMAND

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22
Q

the amount of biologically productive
resources we use
our
AREA AVAILABLE TO PROVIDE THE
and to absorb
waste

A

biocapacity = SUPPLY

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23
Q

The capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb waste materials generated by humans

A

Biocapacity

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24
Q

Biocapacity < footprint

A

Ecological Debtor / Ecological Deficit

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25
Q

Biocapacity > footprint

A

Ecological Creditor/Ecological Reserve

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26
Q

Professor
University of Maryland

A

Julian Simon

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27
Q

He said people are the ultimate resource

A

Julian Simon

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28
Q

According to him, no evidence shows that
pollution, crime, unemployment,
crowding, the loss of species, or
any other resource limitations
will worsen with population
growth.

A

Julian Simon

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29
Q

Danish Economist

A

Ester Boserup

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30
Q

According to him, an increase in population would
stimulate technologies to
increase food production

A

Ester Boserup

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31
Q

The mother of invention

A

Necessity

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32
Q

In times of
pressure, people will find ways
to increase food production by
increasing the workforce,
machinery, and fertilizers.

A

Boserup’s Theory

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33
Q

Birth rate is relatively higher than mortality rate

A

True

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34
Q

5 children every second
1-2 dies

A

True

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35
Q

2.5 humans per second average

A

True

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36
Q

how many people are added per year

A

around 75 million at 1.1% global rate

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37
Q

Was the most
populous country
throughout the twentieth
century;

A

China

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38
Q

Is expected
to pass China in the
twenty-first century

A

India

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39
Q

which had only 33
million residents in 1950, is
forecast to have 299
million in 2050

A

Nigeria

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40
Q

The physical ability to reproduce

A

Fecundity

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41
Q

The actual production of offspring

A

Fertility

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42
Q

The number of births in a year per thousand persons

A

Crude Birth Rate

43
Q

The number of children born to
an average woman in a population during her entire
reproductive life

A

Total fertility rate

44
Q

Births plus
immigration in a population is equal to the deaths
plus emigration.

A

Zero Population Growth

45
Q

In most tribal or traditional societies, food shortages,
health problems, and cultural practices limit total
fertility to about 6 or 7 children per woman, even without
modern methods of birth control.

A

True

46
Q

In most tribal or traditional societies, food shortages,
health problems, and cultural practices limit total
fertility to about 6 or 8 children per woman, even without
modern methods of birth control.

A

False

47
Q

Fertility rates have declined dramatically
(which has something to do with modernization)
except in Africa over the past 50 years.

A

In brazil, true

48
Q

The median age in Europe right now is

A

41.7 years

49
Q

In Sub-Saharan Africa the median age is about .

A

17 years

50
Q

The average family in Mexico in 1975, for instance, had
7 children. By 2010, however, the average Mexican
woman had only ____ …

A

2.3 children

51
Q

Similarly, in Iran, total
fertility fell from 6.5 in 1975 to ___ in 2010.

A

2.04 children

52
Q

China’s one-child-per-family policy decreased the
fertility rate from 6 in 1970 to ____ in 2010.

A

1.7 children

53
Q

Are expressed in terms of the number of deaths per
thousand persons in any given year.

A

Crude death rates

54
Q

Countries in Africa where health care and sanitation are
limited may have mortality rates of _____ per 1,000
people

A

20 or more, Africa

55
Q

Wealthier Countries have mortality rates of around

A

10 per 1000

56
Q

Lower Crude death rate country

A

Brazil

57
Q

Crude death rate in Brazil

A

6 per 1000

58
Q

Denmark crude death rate

A

12 per 1000

59
Q

The number of deaths in a population is sensitive to the
population’s age structure

A

True

60
Q

Is the average age that a newborn infant
can be expected to attain in any given society.

A

Life expectancy

61
Q

Is the oldest age to which a species is known to
survive.

A

Life span

62
Q

The oldest age that can be certified by written records
was that of

A

Jeanne Louise Calment

63
Q

Jeanne Louise Calment’s age

A

122 years old

64
Q

Where Jeanne Louise Calment lives?

A

Arles, France

65
Q

Jeanne Louise Calment’s year of death

A

1997

66
Q

The French supercentenarian

A

Jeanne Louise Calment

67
Q

✔ For most of human history, life expectancy in most
societies probably was

A

35 to 40 years

68
Q

The average life expectancy rose from about _______
years over the past 100 years.

A

40 to 67.2 years

69
Q

✔ The 20th century saw a global transformation in
human health unmatched in history.

A

True

70
Q

The greatest progress
was in .

A

Developing
countries

71
Q

Longer lives were due
primarily to better
nutrition, improved
sanitation, clean water,
and education, rather
than to miracle drugs or
high-tech medicine.

A

True

72
Q

Affect
decisions about family size,
which in turn affects the
population at large.

A

social and
economic pressures

73
Q

Factors that increase people’s desires to have babies are called

A

Pronatalist pressures

74
Q

Male pride often is linked to having as many children as possible.

A

True

75
Q

Often
result in decisions to limit childbearing.

A

Higher education and personal freedom for women

76
Q

A desire to spend
time and money on other goods and activities offsets the
desire to have children

A

True

77
Q

✔ Education and socioeconomic status are usually
______ to fertility in richer countries.

A

inversely related

78
Q

In some developing countries, however, fertility initially
increases as educational levels and socioeconomic
status rise.

A

True

79
Q

The ______ in
the 1930s made it
economically difficult for
families to have children,
and birth rates were low.

A

Great Depression

80
Q

followed World
War II, as couples were
reunited, and new families
started

A

baby boom

81
Q

American Demographer
Founding Director, Office of
Population Research

A

Frank Notestein

82
Q

He pointed out that a typical pattern
of falling death rates and birth
rates due to improved living
conditions usually accompanies
economic development (1945)

A

Frank Notestein

83
Q

Explain connections between
population growth and economic
development

A

Demographic Transition Model

84
Q

Total
fertility dropped by more than half in 20 years.

A

In Thailand, China, and Colombia,

85
Q

All have seen fertility
rates fall by 30 to 40 percent in a single generation

A

Morocco, Jamaica, Peru, and Mexico

86
Q

One of the most successful family planning advances in
recent years has been in ____, a predominantly Muslim
country.

A

Iran

87
Q

That accompany development reduce the need and desire for large
families in most countries

A

Growing prosperity, urbanization, and social reforms

88
Q

Is available to bring advances to the developing
world, and the rate of technology exchange is much faster
today

A

Technology

89
Q

___________________ have historic patterns to follow.
They can benefit from the mistakes of more developed
countries and chart a course to stability relatively quickly.

A

Less-developed countries

90
Q

Provide information about the benefits of and
methods for social change.

A

Modern communications

91
Q

Allows couples to determine the number and
spacing of their children

A

Family planning

92
Q

Gives us many more options for
controlling fertility than were available to our ancestors

A

Modern medicine

93
Q

Vaccines for women are being developed and injections for
men are focused on reducing sperm production

A

True

94
Q

Not only prevents
pregnancy, but it also reduces
pregnancy-related morbidity and
mortality, and reproductive
cancers

A

Contraception

95
Q

Suggests that world
population might stabilize
below 8 billion by 2050.

A

Low projection

96
Q

Shows a
population of about 9.4 billion
in 35 years,

A

Medium projection

97
Q

Shows that the
population would reach nearly
12 billion by midcentury.

A

High projection

98
Q

Successful family planning programs often require significant
societal changes

A

✔ improved social, educational, and economic status for women (birth
control and women’s rights are often linked)

✔ the knowledge, availability, and use of effective and acceptable
means of birth control

✔ acceptance of calculated choice as a valid element in life in general
and in fertility in particular (the belief that we have no control over
our lives discourages a sense of responsibility)

✔ improved status for children (fewer children are born if they are not
needed as a cheap labor source)

✔ social security and political stability that give people the means and
the confidence to plan for the future

99
Q

Nearly half the world population lives in countries where the total fertility rate is at or close to the
replacement rate

A

True

100
Q

The world reaching 8 billion is a catastrophe

A

False

101
Q

After 2080s is a

A

plateau

102
Q

the global population was growing peaked back in ____

A

1964

103
Q
A

hci (2 decks)

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