ENVI

Question 1

17 SDG

Answer 1

GOAL 1: NO POVERTY
GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER
GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION
GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY
GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION
GOAL 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY
GOAL 8: DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
GOAL 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION, AND INFRASTRUCTURE
GOAL 10: REDUCED INEQUALITIES
GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION
GOAL 14: LIFE BELOW WATER
GOAL 15: LIFE ON LAND
GOAL 16: PEACE, JUSTICE, AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
GOAL 17: PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS

Question 2

What are environmental attitudes?

Answer 2

Individual and collective sensibilities about the role of human beings within a planetary ecology.

Question 3

Why is it so difficult to alter someone’s environmental attitudes?

Answer 3

1. We all have abiding interests that are grounded in the economic organization of society.
2. We all have abiding interests that are grounded in the social organization of society (e.g., social class, professional prestige).
3. We all subscribe to certain cultural orientations and maintain implicit assumptions and individual mental states about the world.

Question 4

The overall perspective from which one sees and interprets the world; a collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or a group. Commonly shared values, ideas, and images concerning the nature of reality and the role of humanity within it.

Answer 4

Worldview

Question 5

a value system that is centered on technology and its ability to control and protect the environment. have absolute faith in technology and industry and firmly believe that humans have control over nature.

Answer 5

Technocentrism

Question 6

Key Tenets of Technocentrism

Answer 6

• Scientific management is the primary method for allocating resources for development and growth—economic rationality.
• Destruction of natural systems is not an especially important decision factor for exploiting resources—especially in comparison to technological or economic factors.
• Humans control the natural environment for gainful purposes— social progress is attained by knowing and manipulating nature. (Ex. Bioengineering)

Question 7

Examples of Technocentrism

Answer 7

Hoover Dam , San Juanico Bridge , Panama Canal

Question 8

a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of all living things including the importance of their environment. Ecocentrics see themselves as being subject to nature, rather than in control of it. They lack faith in modern technology and the bureaucracy attached to it.

Answer 8

Ecocentrism

Question 9

Key Tenets of Ecocentrism

Answer 9

• Belief that some natural systems should be left alone and those that are managed should be done so with little disruption.
• “Natural morality”—human behavior should occur within limits imposed by natural environment.
• Humans exist within the environment—we are part of the biosphere.

Question 10

Alternative Labels for Environmental Paradigms

Answer 10

the table eco and techno

Question 11

Roots of Technocentrism

Answer 11

 Grounded in classical science—the Western cultural filter that shapes our conception of nature.
 A mechanistic understanding of nature that is predictable and readily forecastable.
 Positivist Science—what can be known is observable.
 Understanding of knowledge as objective.
 The rise of scientists as experts.

Question 12

Roots of Ecocentrism

Answer 12

 Romantic transcendentalists of mid-19th century America.
 Bioethics and the recognition of the intrinsic value of nature.
 Respect for all lifeforms in their own right.
 Value for beauty and color in nature—attributes regarded as secondary by the rationalists.

Question 13

demographic reasons responsible for this dramatic growth in the size of the global population

Answer 13

1. New sanitation practices.
2. Improvements in medical science and practice.
3. Economic growth, industrialization, and urbanization.

Question 14

The biotechnology revolution promises substantial increases in

Answer 14

Agricultural Productivity

Question 15

Most developing countries were colonial dependencies of European powers, denying indigenous people self-determination and exploiting resources for colonial interests. After World War II, established powers granted independence, but left colonies poorly prepared for globalization. Despite billions of dollars invested in development projects, the gap between developed and developing countries has not narrowed, with international lending institutions providing the majority.

Answer 15

Historical Precursors

Question 16

These lending institutions also encouraged family planning and the widespread availability of contraception to control population growth.

Answer 16

Population Control Programs

Question 17

The central premise was that with a modern infrastructure and a stable population developing countries would be able to launch themselves on an upward development trajectory.

Answer 17

Modernization of Developing Countries

Question 18

To initiate this process international institutions encouraged developing countries to shift labor and financial resources from the production of subsistence goods that satisfied local needs to goods that could be sold as export products to consumers in Europe and North America

Answer 18

Export Substitution

Question 19

To acquire these inputs developing countries must have access to foreign exchange (i.e., US dollars)

Answer 19

Demand for Foreign Exchange

Question 20

To obtain the necessary foreign exchange developing countries embarked on aggressive borrowing programs during the 1970s.

Answer 20

Foreign Borrowing

Question 21

To maintain their loans, developing countries have had to intensify their production and expand the size of agricultural operations.

Answer 21

Intensification and Extensification of Export Agriculture

Question 22

The increased scale of export agriculture operations has contributed to environmental deterioration as more chemicals are applied and agricultural operations push into more marginal areas.

Answer 22

Environmental Damage from Export Agriculture

Question 23

The production of export agriculture products by many developing countries contributes to gluts and drives down unit prices. To generate the same amount of foreign exchange more goods need to be produced at a cost of greater environmental damage.

Answer 23

Increase in Competition

Question 24

This situation has given rise to a debt crisis in developing countries

Answer 24

Debt Crisis

Question 25

Developing countries’ failure to maintain their outstanding loans brings calls from international lending bodies for “structural adjustment”. Structural adjustment seeks to enhance economic competitiveness by slashing government spending on social programs.

Answer 25

Structural Adjustment

Question 26

The current situation has sparked an international reaction that extends the current debate on the status of developing countries beyond the issue of population.

Answer 26

Advancing the Public Debate

Question 27

Public campaigns have sought to encourage financial institutions to forgive the debts of developing countries so that they can concentrate their resources on improving social conditions

Answer 27

Jubilee 2000

Question 28

High population density is equal to

Answer 28

Poverty

Question 29

High Population Growth Rate equals

Answer 29

More Pollution Problems

Question 30

“There is no statistical evidence of a negative connection between population increase and economic growth.”

Answer 30

Gary Becker and Simon Kuznets; and Resource Economist Julian Simon

Question 31

119 countries over 30 years
– No correlation between population growth and economic development
– Economic growth is highly correlated with secondary school enrolment.

Answer 31

Ross Levine and David Renelt, 1992

Question 32

Father of Human Development Index and former Prime Minister of Planning and Finance in Pakistan

Answer 32

Dr. Mahbub ul Haq

Question 33

– Study of 98 countries for 30 years
– Growth rate of real per capita GDP is positively related to school enrolment rates.
– Countries with higher human capital also have lower fertility rates.

Answer 33

Dr. Robert Barro, 1991

Question 34

Mass Poverty is the Biggest Scandal of the Philippines

Answer 34

◼ More than 30% of the population live below the poverty line
◼ The highest in the East Asian region with the exception of Vietnam

Question 35

The Roots of Philippine Mass Poverty

Answer 35

◼ Errors in economic policy
– Inward looking industrialization
– Neglect of export promotion
– Underdeveloped agriculture sector
– Lack of infrastructures
◼ Poor governance: loss of P200 billion annually through tax evasion
◼ Corruption: loss of P200 billion through misappropriation of funds

Question 36

Addressing the Roots of Poverty

Answer 36

 Respect for market forces through deregulation, liberalization, and privatization
 Focus on infrastructure development especially in the countryside
 Assisting small and medium scale enterprises as well as small farms
 Improve quality of basic education
 Improve governance in both public and private sectors

Question 37

Growing Population: Cause of Poverty

Answer 37

Population explosion: Crisis?
Expanding markets and abundant manpower: opportunity
The Emerging Markets: All Large Populations

Question 38

The Demographic Gift

Answer 38

◼ A unique stage in the demographic cycle of a country
◼ Labor force increases faster than dependent population
◼ Lasted for five decades in East Asian economies
◼ Happens only once
◼ Strategic Thinking: Dynamic Not Static
◼ Leads to Depopulation and Aging
◼ Dangers of Manipulating Nature: especially Human Nature

Question 39

Total Fertility Rate

Answer 39

Decreases overtime

Question 40

Making Human Resources Productive

Answer 40

• Infrastructural support to small farmers
• Physical infrastructure
• Technical training (e.g. Family Farm Schools)
• Microcredit
• Cooperative development
• Conducive corporate culture (e.g., Motorola)
• Improve the teaching of English at all school levels
• Industrial skills training (e.g., Dualtech and Pilipinas Shell)
• Market-oriented vocational / technical schools Strong liberal arts foundation of professional courses.