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env Flashcards

1
Q

having a lot of people living

A

populous
a populous city/area

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2
Q

a sum of money

A

injection
a cash injection of, humour injection
the injection of a note of enthusiasm can alter

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3
Q

awful, bad

A

deplorable conduct/state/conditions, appalling injuries/conditions/weather

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4
Q

at first sight

A

on the face of it

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5
Q

because of

A

in the light of, by virtue of, on account of , in view of, on the grounds that (go over the same ground, cover a lot of ground, be on familiar ground, find some common ground)
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.
with reason, for some reason, for reasons best known to yourself, within reason, lose your reason

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6
Q

a level in a hierarchical structure

A

rung
work your way up every rung of the corporate ladder, the bottom/top rungs of,
families on the lowest economic rungs will be hit hardest;
primarily occurs at the bottom rungs of the labour market ladder

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7
Q

consider, regard as sth

A

perceive
be perceived to be, perceived as
= see= perceive a figure, perceive that

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8
Q

when you completely ignore sth

A

blatant/blithe disregard for
the body of evidence is too substantial to disregard

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9
Q

not able to be changed

A

irrevocable
an irrevocable decision/commitment

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10
Q

not able to be changed

A

irrevocable
an irrevocable decision/commitment

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11
Q

obvious, clear

A

plain
it’s quite plain that, the reason is perfectly plain, make it plain that

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12
Q

natural env.

A

habitat
with so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its habitat

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13
Q

the point where a new or different situation is about to begin:

A

drive to the verge of despair, on the verge of collapse/disaster/success
on the brink of= chronic stress had driven him to the brink of a nervous breakdown
scientists are on the brink of a breakthrough
Debt crisis led many companies to the brink of bankruptcy/disaster/collapse
teeter on the brink of, be poised on the brink of

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14
Q

to be extremely good at sth

A

excel at/in
excel yourself /sb
she excelled him in her command of the language I’ve excelled myself with this feast.
excel at manufacturing gas-efficient vehicles at low cost
surpassed the previous world record by one hundredth of a second.
surpass sb’s expectations
surpass oneself , surpass the all-time record

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15
Q

make a problem less severe

A

alleviate pain
measures to alleviate rampant unemployment

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16
Q

natural, sth with which you are born

A

innate cruelty/abilities/capacity for

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17
Q

intrude

A

encroach on sb’s privacy, Farmers encroached on forest land to grow crops.
urban encroachment of habitat
intrusion-excessive government intrusions into ,a welcome intrusion into an otherwise tedious morning.
the noise is an intrusion on their lives

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18
Q

sense of right and wrong

A

conscience
guilty/clear conscience, a question/matter of conscience

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19
Q

relating to farmers

A

agrarian
urge the government to adopt a massive public investment programme in the agrarian sector to enhance grain production, an agrarian economy/society/lifestyle/

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20
Q

consequences

A

implications
implications of sth /for sth, political implications, lose sight of the env. implications of large-scale industrial development

and, by implication,

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21
Q

agreement/understanding

A

compromise
reach a compromise
willing to seek a compromise
compromise on safety/compromise the safety of;

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22
Q

growth, the action of becoming larger

A

the rapid expansion of the software industry, an expansion of industry, expansion into new areas of research, lack of space is the main constraint on their plans for expansion, outline the planned expansion of the programme, airport/market expansion, an expansion project, fund/allow/support expansion
deforestation and the expansion go hand-in-hand
(investment incentives)
large companies often need extra money to fund expansion and to help cover operating coasts; to raise money, they sell stocks
a substantial rise in productivity means the average worker is producing more, a key factor in spurring economic expansion
unparalleled expansion of mass education occurs
the ongoing expansion of agriculture

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23
Q

a phenomenon when you cut down trees

A

deforestation
deforestation is one of the most significant factors contributing to the global warming phenomenon; have far-reaching consequences
cope with the problems which will inevitably arise as a result of desertification and deforestation\a depletion of resources
stand on the issue of the depletion of their cultural treasures. It can be understood that it is an issue because of the mentioned law enforcement officials who are involved in combating the illegal art trade.

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24
Q

developing nations

A

emerging nations

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25
Q

reviving

A

resurgent
curb resurgent inflation

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26
Q

a lot of sth

A

a flood of cheap imports has come into the country, a flood of complaints-, be flooded with orders/requests/calls, flood the market
bring memories flooding, be flooded with joy , sunlight flooded in at the windows

floods of tourist come to marvel at the sights

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27
Q

foreboding

A

premonition
have a premonition that, a sudden premonition of imminent disaster

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28
Q

the action of making use of sth

A

exploitation
exploitation of gas reserves/resources, ruthless/commercial exploitation of
the exploitation of advanced technologies is key

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29
Q

searching for natural resources

A

oil/mineral/gas exploration, the exploration of new sources of energy is vital, carry out exploration of all the alternatives

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30
Q

brutal and cruel

A

vicious lie/rumour/accusation

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31
Q

mindless, silly

A

vacuous remark/expression/question

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32
Q

similar

A

parallel
a parallel example/experiment
parallels between, draw a parallel between
problems parallel to

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33
Q

outward

A

extrinsic rewards/incentives
influenced by extrinsic factors

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34
Q

unimportant

A

peripheral issues/concerns

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35
Q

quickly happening

A

exponential growth/increase

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36
Q

extortionate

A

prohibitive costs/fees
the exorbitant cost of land in urban areas only exacerbated the problem

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37
Q

an area of land

A

large tracts of natural forest
vast tract of woodland

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38
Q

measure on a device, record

A

register
register dangerous levels of radioactivity
register an earthquake

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39
Q

protracted,
changes

A

prolonged
suffer a prolonged drought
prolonged temperature fluctuations
price/market/currency fluctuations
adjust workforce in line with fluctuations in demand

40
Q

worrying

A

alarming
disappear/rise at an alarming rate

41
Q

the beginning of

A

the onset of winter
delay the onset of a disease

42
Q

agreement

A

consensus
the general consensus is that, reach a consensus on a matter, achieve an international consensus on these issues is proving difficult , a growing/broad consensus is

43
Q

balance colloc
amount of sth(scientific)

A

strike a balance between
stringent measures were introduced so that the government could balance its budget
lose/keep balance
redress the ba;amce
concentration
unprecedented atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide

44
Q

env. phrases

A

cut down on/ reduce energy/fuel consumption
unfit for human consumption
reduce dependence on imported oil
switch to energy-saving light bulbs and ensuring household appliances are turned off when not is use
due to climate change, deserts are gradually expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more prevalent
Climate change is strongly linked to sustainable development. Limiting global warming makes it easier to achieve sustainable development goals, such as eradicating poverty and reducing inequalities

45
Q

unconnected in any way

A

unrelated facts/incidents

46
Q

appearance of sth

A

emergence
the emergence of env. movement, emergence of more efficient methods of extraction

47
Q

undo, try to change

A

reverse the decline/trend/process
reverse decision, the reverse is true/ the case, believe the reverse
put a car into reverse gear

48
Q

generous with money

A

munificent
(a generous pay increase)
unstinting support/generosity, be unstinting in (praise)

49
Q

impossible to interpret or decipher

A

inscrutable expression/face/smile
blankly inscrutable

50
Q

hidden or concealed(of talent or quality)

A

latent, a huge reserve of talent talent/skill/capability

51
Q

of questionable value or suspicious

A

dubious
dubious claims/characters/assumptions
have the dubious distinction of
be dubious abt sth

52
Q

paying money

A

lucrative career/market
highly/extremely lucrative business/deal

53
Q

obvious and shocking,’
awful mistake

A

blatant disregard for the law/breach of trust
= egregious error

54
Q

small

A

minute amount/quantity. in minute detail
infinitesimal amount/chance/pause

55
Q

weak and unconvincing

A

flimsy excuse/evidence(material/building)

56
Q

wise

A

prudent
it is prudent to
prudent financial planning

57
Q
  1. isolated or withdrawn
  2. sad
  3. unusual
  4. lying
  5. furtive
A
  1. reclusive, reticent about/ing, taciturn and morose
  2. doleful/morose
  3. esoteric taste in clothes
  4. peddle mendacious propaganda
  5. surreptitious payments/glances
58
Q

think
show sth

A

ponder over sth, ponder the question of
it’s horrific to contemplate
ruminate on
reflect
the statistics reflect a change in, reflect on, reflect that

59
Q

mutual

A

a reciprocal arrangement/agreement/relationship, on a reciprocal basis

60
Q

a lot of

A

a plethora of possibilities/books, the plethora of regulations is both contradictory and confusing

61
Q

a lack of

A

a dearth of evidence/houses/nutritious food
deficiency
suffer from iron deficiency, deficiencies in the education system, remedy/address/correct a deficiency, deficiencies in resources

62
Q

logical and clear

A

coherent
a coherent agreement/strategy/be coherent and lucid

63
Q

hope to achieve

A

strive
kindle expectations that he must strive to live up to, strive for
strive to secure steady growth

64
Q

covering a lot of ground

A

comprehensive
a comprehensive study conducted in the medical field

65
Q

bad influence

A

malign

66
Q

increase in number

A

small businesses proliferate
by virtue of a new government initiative offering generous grants and tax incentives to would-be entrepreneurs

67
Q

waste sth

A

squander opportunities/money/savings/chances on misguided and futile programmes aimed at stimulating the economy

68
Q

a catastrophic situation

A

abyss
the abyss between(difference)
teeter on the edge of the abyss of
sink/plunge into an abyss of

69
Q

wreck

A

shatter illusions/hopes

70
Q

restock

A

food stocks are replenished with/by imports
replenish supplies/drink/energies

71
Q

satisfy

A

quench thirst/curiosity

72
Q

criticise

A

reproach sb for
reproach sb with/for
look of reproach
a reproach to sb
redden in acknowledgement of reproach
integrity and probity beyond reproach
consistently upbraid

73
Q

path colloc

A

GARDEN/CONCRETE PATH, a well-trodden path, clear a path, follow the path, the path of a hurricane,
the path to success is fraught with difficulties
set on the right path to

74
Q

steep slope

A

precipitous mountain path
a precipitous fall/decline/drop in ( advertising revenue)

75
Q

search for sth

A

scout around for
scout out- explore

76
Q

bold and arrogant

A

presumptuous
it’s rather presumptuous to judge my character on such short acquaintance

77
Q

liable to fluctuate

A

volatile fund/market/investments

78
Q

not detailed

A

sketchy details/info

79
Q

irregular

A

sporadic fighting break out/trips

80
Q

firm

A

release tenacious grip
tenacious and persistent
pertinacious resistance in the pursuit of goals

81
Q

unnecessary

A

superfluous info/material/programmes
redundant (make sb redundant, new technology makes old communities redundant) redundant phrases/words the retention of redundant equipment/buildings
eliminate superfluous programmes

82
Q

serve colloc

A

serve in the army, serve on a committee,
serve a useful purpose, serve as a warning
= are you being served
serve in prison

83
Q

relinquish

A

waive rights/the overdraft fee/charge/the time limit

84
Q

develop(a hypothesis)

A

postulate a theory/that

85
Q

well respected

A

reputable company/brad/sources
if you decide to have an alarm fitted, make sure it is done by a reputable company

86
Q

take sb by surprise

A

take sb unawares, be caught unawares

87
Q

permeate

A

pervade(abt a smell/feeling)
a feeling of doom pervaded

88
Q

try to do sth

A

endeavour , endeavour to expand into new markets,
enthusiasm is a vital ingredient in all human endeavour
endeavour to locate the source of the problem
artistic endeavour, a remarkable feat of human endeavour

89
Q

worsen

A

exacerbate the situation
the exorbitant cost of land in urban areas only exacerbated the problem

90
Q

praise

A

extol the virtues of

91
Q

derogatory

A

disparaging remarks/comments

92
Q

decrease(holiday)

A

curtail spending/holiday/crime

93
Q

bring about

A

instigate new measures to combat terrorism
instigate revolt/legal proceedings

94
Q

explain

A

elucidate

95
Q

to calm

A

quell initial misgivings
quell unrest/disturbances/the growing doubts

advanced vocab (7 decks)

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