env Flashcards
having a lot of people living
populous
a populous city/area
a sum of money
injection
a cash injection of, humour injection
the injection of a note of enthusiasm can alter
awful, bad
deplorable conduct/state/conditions, appalling injuries/conditions/weather
at first sight
on the face of it
because of
in the light of, by virtue of, on account of , in view of, on the grounds that (go over the same ground, cover a lot of ground, be on familiar ground, find some common ground)
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.
with reason, for some reason, for reasons best known to yourself, within reason, lose your reason
a level in a hierarchical structure
rung
work your way up every rung of the corporate ladder, the bottom/top rungs of,
families on the lowest economic rungs will be hit hardest;
primarily occurs at the bottom rungs of the labour market ladder
consider, regard as sth
perceive
be perceived to be, perceived as
= see= perceive a figure, perceive that
when you completely ignore sth
blatant/blithe disregard for
the body of evidence is too substantial to disregard
not able to be changed
irrevocable
an irrevocable decision/commitment
not able to be changed
irrevocable
an irrevocable decision/commitment
obvious, clear
plain
it’s quite plain that, the reason is perfectly plain, make it plain that
natural env.
habitat
with so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its habitat
the point where a new or different situation is about to begin:
drive to the verge of despair, on the verge of collapse/disaster/success
on the brink of= chronic stress had driven him to the brink of a nervous breakdown
scientists are on the brink of a breakthrough
Debt crisis led many companies to the brink of bankruptcy/disaster/collapse
teeter on the brink of, be poised on the brink of
to be extremely good at sth
excel at/in
excel yourself /sb
she excelled him in her command of the language I’ve excelled myself with this feast.
excel at manufacturing gas-efficient vehicles at low cost
surpassed the previous world record by one hundredth of a second.
surpass sb’s expectations
surpass oneself , surpass the all-time record
make a problem less severe
alleviate pain
measures to alleviate rampant unemployment
natural, sth with which you are born
innate cruelty/abilities/capacity for
intrude
encroach on sb’s privacy, Farmers encroached on forest land to grow crops.
urban encroachment of habitat
intrusion-excessive government intrusions into ,a welcome intrusion into an otherwise tedious morning.
the noise is an intrusion on their lives
sense of right and wrong
conscience
guilty/clear conscience, a question/matter of conscience
relating to farmers
agrarian
urge the government to adopt a massive public investment programme in the agrarian sector to enhance grain production, an agrarian economy/society/lifestyle/
consequences
implications
implications of sth /for sth, political implications, lose sight of the env. implications of large-scale industrial development
and, by implication,
agreement/understanding
compromise
reach a compromise
willing to seek a compromise
compromise on safety/compromise the safety of;
growth, the action of becoming larger
the rapid expansion of the software industry, an expansion of industry, expansion into new areas of research, lack of space is the main constraint on their plans for expansion, outline the planned expansion of the programme, airport/market expansion, an expansion project, fund/allow/support expansion
deforestation and the expansion go hand-in-hand
(investment incentives)
large companies often need extra money to fund expansion and to help cover operating coasts; to raise money, they sell stocks
a substantial rise in productivity means the average worker is producing more, a key factor in spurring economic expansion
unparalleled expansion of mass education occurs
the ongoing expansion of agriculture
a phenomenon when you cut down trees
deforestation
deforestation is one of the most significant factors contributing to the global warming phenomenon; have far-reaching consequences
cope with the problems which will inevitably arise as a result of desertification and deforestation\a depletion of resources
stand on the issue of the depletion of their cultural treasures. It can be understood that it is an issue because of the mentioned law enforcement officials who are involved in combating the illegal art trade.
developing nations
emerging nations
reviving
resurgent
curb resurgent inflation
a lot of sth
a flood of cheap imports has come into the country, a flood of complaints-, be flooded with orders/requests/calls, flood the market
bring memories flooding, be flooded with joy , sunlight flooded in at the windows
floods of tourist come to marvel at the sights
foreboding
premonition
have a premonition that, a sudden premonition of imminent disaster
the action of making use of sth
exploitation
exploitation of gas reserves/resources, ruthless/commercial exploitation of
the exploitation of advanced technologies is key
searching for natural resources
oil/mineral/gas exploration, the exploration of new sources of energy is vital, carry out exploration of all the alternatives
brutal and cruel
vicious lie/rumour/accusation
mindless, silly
vacuous remark/expression/question
similar
parallel
a parallel example/experiment
parallels between, draw a parallel between
problems parallel to
outward
extrinsic rewards/incentives
influenced by extrinsic factors
unimportant
peripheral issues/concerns
quickly happening
exponential growth/increase
extortionate
prohibitive costs/fees
the exorbitant cost of land in urban areas only exacerbated the problem
an area of land
large tracts of natural forest
vast tract of woodland
measure on a device, record
register
register dangerous levels of radioactivity
register an earthquake
protracted,
changes
prolonged
suffer a prolonged drought
prolonged temperature fluctuations
price/market/currency fluctuations
adjust workforce in line with fluctuations in demand
worrying
alarming
disappear/rise at an alarming rate
the beginning of
the onset of winter
delay the onset of a disease
agreement
consensus
the general consensus is that, reach a consensus on a matter, achieve an international consensus on these issues is proving difficult , a growing/broad consensus is
balance colloc
amount of sth(scientific)
strike a balance between
stringent measures were introduced so that the government could balance its budget
lose/keep balance
redress the ba;amce
concentration
unprecedented atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide
env. phrases
cut down on/ reduce energy/fuel consumption
unfit for human consumption
reduce dependence on imported oil
switch to energy-saving light bulbs and ensuring household appliances are turned off when not is use
due to climate change, deserts are gradually expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are becoming more prevalent
Climate change is strongly linked to sustainable development. Limiting global warming makes it easier to achieve sustainable development goals, such as eradicating poverty and reducing inequalities
unconnected in any way
unrelated facts/incidents
appearance of sth
emergence
the emergence of env. movement, emergence of more efficient methods of extraction
undo, try to change
reverse the decline/trend/process
reverse decision, the reverse is true/ the case, believe the reverse
put a car into reverse gear
generous with money
munificent
(a generous pay increase)
unstinting support/generosity, be unstinting in (praise)
impossible to interpret or decipher
inscrutable expression/face/smile
blankly inscrutable
hidden or concealed(of talent or quality)
latent, a huge reserve of talent talent/skill/capability
of questionable value or suspicious
dubious
dubious claims/characters/assumptions
have the dubious distinction of
be dubious abt sth
paying money
lucrative career/market
highly/extremely lucrative business/deal
obvious and shocking,’
awful mistake
blatant disregard for the law/breach of trust
= egregious error
small
minute amount/quantity. in minute detail
infinitesimal amount/chance/pause
weak and unconvincing
flimsy excuse/evidence(material/building)
wise
prudent
it is prudent to
prudent financial planning
- isolated or withdrawn
- sad
- unusual
- lying
- furtive
- reclusive, reticent about/ing, taciturn and morose
- doleful/morose
- esoteric taste in clothes
- peddle mendacious propaganda
- surreptitious payments/glances
think
show sth
ponder over sth, ponder the question of
it’s horrific to contemplate
ruminate on
reflect
the statistics reflect a change in, reflect on, reflect that
mutual
a reciprocal arrangement/agreement/relationship, on a reciprocal basis
a lot of
a plethora of possibilities/books, the plethora of regulations is both contradictory and confusing
a lack of
a dearth of evidence/houses/nutritious food
deficiency
suffer from iron deficiency, deficiencies in the education system, remedy/address/correct a deficiency, deficiencies in resources
logical and clear
coherent
a coherent agreement/strategy/be coherent and lucid
hope to achieve
strive
kindle expectations that he must strive to live up to, strive for
strive to secure steady growth
covering a lot of ground
comprehensive
a comprehensive study conducted in the medical field
bad influence
malign
increase in number
small businesses proliferate
by virtue of a new government initiative offering generous grants and tax incentives to would-be entrepreneurs
waste sth
squander opportunities/money/savings/chances on misguided and futile programmes aimed at stimulating the economy
a catastrophic situation
abyss
the abyss between(difference)
teeter on the edge of the abyss of
sink/plunge into an abyss of
wreck
shatter illusions/hopes
restock
food stocks are replenished with/by imports
replenish supplies/drink/energies
satisfy
quench thirst/curiosity
criticise
reproach sb for
reproach sb with/for
look of reproach
a reproach to sb
redden in acknowledgement of reproach
integrity and probity beyond reproach
consistently upbraid
path colloc
GARDEN/CONCRETE PATH, a well-trodden path, clear a path, follow the path, the path of a hurricane,
the path to success is fraught with difficulties
set on the right path to
steep slope
precipitous mountain path
a precipitous fall/decline/drop in ( advertising revenue)
search for sth
scout around for
scout out- explore
bold and arrogant
presumptuous
it’s rather presumptuous to judge my character on such short acquaintance
liable to fluctuate
volatile fund/market/investments
not detailed
sketchy details/info
irregular
sporadic fighting break out/trips
firm
release tenacious grip
tenacious and persistent
pertinacious resistance in the pursuit of goals
unnecessary
superfluous info/material/programmes
redundant (make sb redundant, new technology makes old communities redundant) redundant phrases/words the retention of redundant equipment/buildings
eliminate superfluous programmes
serve colloc
serve in the army, serve on a committee,
serve a useful purpose, serve as a warning
= are you being served
serve in prison
relinquish
waive rights/the overdraft fee/charge/the time limit
develop(a hypothesis)
postulate a theory/that
well respected
reputable company/brad/sources
if you decide to have an alarm fitted, make sure it is done by a reputable company
take sb by surprise
take sb unawares, be caught unawares
permeate
pervade(abt a smell/feeling)
a feeling of doom pervaded
try to do sth
endeavour , endeavour to expand into new markets,
enthusiasm is a vital ingredient in all human endeavour
endeavour to locate the source of the problem
artistic endeavour, a remarkable feat of human endeavour
worsen
exacerbate the situation
the exorbitant cost of land in urban areas only exacerbated the problem
praise
extol the virtues of
derogatory
disparaging remarks/comments
decrease(holiday)
curtail spending/holiday/crime
bring about
instigate new measures to combat terrorism
instigate revolt/legal proceedings
explain
elucidate
to calm
quell initial misgivings
quell unrest/disturbances/the growing doubts
